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REPRESENTING A$5,0000,000 A YEAR INDUSTRY "~"AtBE CRANBERRY MAGA tv R ::::::::ioBX:::i: :...... . ........................ ' ...................................... . . .... ........ ....... ... ·i: iiaiasl::iiaaaaiar~iii~i~i::................................ . ................:j:.. .,.,,,,,,, ''' ""''''""""'''":"'';"'' ...................... ....................................... .... a..... .... ....-.--..- · 1.11111 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ :·:·:·:·:·:·:;·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:···......1111111.111111111111Illillllljlililjlilj~I.............................. ... 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'.. . ......................... ...... ·p~~ ~ ~ ..... .......................... ............... .............. ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~....... ................................................................................. In Answering Advertisements Please Mention "CRANBERRIES" SEPARATORS WILL BE NEEDED BEFORE LONG WE HAVE THEM --ORDER NOW Manufacturers of Cranberry Equipment Since 1895 Separators -Dusters -Conveyors -Belt Screens Blowers -Elevators -Box Shakers -Box Presses -Gas Locomotives -Wheel Barrows-Vine Pruners -Vine Rakes with metal teeth -Pumps -Sand Screens -Turf Haulers -Turf Axes. We Supply Motors -Gas Engines -Sprayers -Belting Pulleys Shafting -Axes -Picks -Grub Hoes -Mattocks Shovels, etc. South H. R.BAILEY CO. arver ESTABLISHED 1895 Tel. Carver 28-2 After the Fourth of July... The summer quickly passes and soon another Cranberry crop is ready to harvest. Everyone interested in the crop's progress toward picking time is keenly watching conditions of the setting, growing and maturing Cranberries. MINOT FOOD PACKERS, INC., is an integral part of the great Cranberry industry. We, being Canners of Cranberries, realize that we have certain obligations in our relations with Cranberry Growers that must be complied with if we would be successful. Has MINOT made good in its financial promises to growers? Read this as an example .. The year of the "largest-ever" crop-1937-we paid growers during that packing season $7.50 per barrel for Cranberries (without the barrel). Then, when every indication pointed to an unsold surplus from that great 1937 crop, we advised all those growers who supplied us that we would take every barrel of their surplus at $7.00 per barrel and make full payment therefor not later than March 31, 1938. The final payment was actually made to these growers on March 9, 1938, at $7.00 per barrel. We have always assured the growers that we are ever ready to work with them, shoulder to shoulder, to fulfill our agreements. Yes, Minot does business in the "American Way"-live and let live MINOT FOOD PACKERS, INC. HAMMONTON, NEW JERSEY "My! Daddy, that MIN-OT kwamberry thauth ith good . " BEST FOR THE PURPOSE CRANBERRY BOXES | MADE FROM NATIVE WHITE PINE Grown and Manufactured Here F. H. COLE Established 1707 MANUFACTURER OF8 WOODEN BOXES AND SHOOKS NORTH CARVER, MASS. ~r-LBG r ralk 1 FLOODINU and Tel. 46-5 Inir~r 1^ A EiQn\ I I~sL X s'ArI|K fwe~an P~kI IRRIGATIBN By Charles S. Beckwith, Cranberry Specialist New Jersey Cranberry and Blueberry Research Laboratory ly Page 99 Farm Problems. AEROIL, 563 Park West New York, N. J. square foot, the length of the uprights and the size of crop was recorded. The data for the first year has not been used in this study as it takes more than one year to get h e d ngerthe effect * injury a of frost of the changed water The' danger of frost injury is the most serious one to meet. There is no dot tt e is no doubt that uunprotected early drawn bogs will suffer much from frost some years. No grower needs frost some years. No grower needs to be rash and take the water off so early as to incur great damage but neither should he wait until he is sure to miss a good crop. The early drawn bogs withstand frost better than late drawn bogs so it is not necessarily twice as dangerous to draw April 10 as it is on May 10. The extremely low temperatures soon after the growth has started is the great danger in either case. At least, bogs that can be pro- tected should get value from early drawing. Fortunately, fireworms can be controlled by holding the water un- til May 10 and reflowing when the black-head fireworm larva is full grown. This cure is so complete that it does not need to be repeated every year. Fruit worm has been serious where bogs are drawn early consistently but an occasional May 10 drawing should hold. this worm in check. Blossom worms may be more difficult to fight with early drawing because they will emerge over a longer period. We cannot be sure just how the blunt-nosed leaf- hopper will react to earlier draw- ing but we do not expect any ser- ious difficulty. Holding until May 10 one year in three should be Two sufficient to care for insects especially if some spraying or dust- ing is available in times of need. There is no certainty that early ere i no c n a drawing will produce a large crop the first year it is used but there is a good chance for this to happen. Whether it does or not, the early drawn bog should improve in pro- duction over a period of years as- suming that it is treated properly for insects, Water Table Years ago we made a study of the optimum height to hold water on unsanded cranberries during the growing season. The data has been presented year by year in annual reports but no complete summary was made. It might be well to re- view it. A section of bog planted in Howes was arranged with ditches and stops so that water could be held at any desired height down to 15 inches below the surface. Twen- ty-five plots were laid out one rod square and wells were placed in opposite corners. The height of the water table was regulated, meas- ured and recorded twice a week for five years. In three plots the water was kept between the surface and three inches deep. In seven it was from three to six inches deep and in five each it was 6-9, 9-12 and 12- 15 inches deep. At the end of each year, the number of uprights to the ld e u e foron o otg o growth conditions. We found that simply holding the e at s hoin the water at a certain height in the ditches did not regulate entirely the water in the soil. During wet weather the water was much higher in the soil and during dry weather it was much lower. At times it was necessary to bring water through supplementary ditches to maintain the head planned. It was a considerable task to keep the head within a three inch range. The data for four years on a total of 25 plots has been averaged and summarized for Table 1. It will be noted that the annual growth of uprights is the greatest where the water table is the lowest. The number of tips per square foot is greatest where the water table is from 9 to 11 inches below the surface. The yield of berries is greatest where the water is held 9 to 11 inches below the surface. This is taken as the optimum water table for the soil. There is no great difference between the crop where the water was held 11 inches below the surface and where it was held 13 inches below but the difference is consistent throughout the four years recorded. This is shown on Table 2. (Continued on Page 11) 04\ONPALCRANBERRyGa FRESH FROM THE FIELDS By C.J. H. Mass. Crop T h e Massachu-will be considerable injury to the .... THAT on the known fact Probably setts cranberry crop and probably to vines on some that many insects, harmful to 400,000 Bbls. crop will not per-bogs. The crop on the Pacific Coast agriculture are often destroyed by haps exceed 400,-as a whole up to now looks better other insects, insect control work000 barrels due to the fact that it than last year, but due to drought it ers are carrying on experiments has been a cold spring up to the is too early to forecast what the with known enemies of certain present, and there has been con-final results will be. Reservoirs are pests and searching for parasitessiderable winter kill.siderablei . getting pretty low and only a good which will effectively attack others Cape Cod Cran-At a meeting rain will relieve the situation for . . . THAT goats are not eaters berry Growers' of the board of most growers. of tin cans, contrary to popular Asso. Meeting directors of Recently a large black bear got jokes, but they are great climbers, August 27 the Cape Cod into the cultivated blueberry patch the higher the climbing is the bet- C ran b e r r y at the State Bog and did consider-ter they like it, and this is said to Growers' Association held on July able damage. The berries were ripe be inherent from their rough Euro19 it was decided to hold the an-only on the early bushes and these pean mountain habitat . . . THAT nual meeting on Tuesday, August are located in different places hybrids are becoming more and eExperiment Statbon gaue ~~~~~27,at thyro more important in the breeding of at East Wareham. throughout the blueberry planting. At this meeting a conference The bear travelled up and down various kinds of plant life and that was held with President Baker of each row as was evident by tracks a hybrid is defined as "the off- the State College and Dr. Sievers, and when he reached a bush that spring of two parents unlike one director of the Agricultural Exper-had ripe berries he sat down on or another in one or more heritable iment Station, in regard to adding near the bush and scooped the ber-characteristics to the staff at the station at East characteristics Wareham and furnishing an assist-Ties into his mouth. He put on a ant to Dr. Henry J. Franklin. 'Blitzkreig" on 30 bushes. The THAT win, or even a s A frank and open discussion was bushes are badly broken up and breeze takes more heat out of a held with the two state officials, there i no need for further picking greenhouse or a hot-house than who explained the financial situa- on those bushes as the berries that still air... THAT it is a matter of tion which prevented them from in- ction which preventedadto tex e tis were not ripe were scattered on the fact that produce may go to a tem curring any addition expenses this i peratureconsiderbly below 32 de- year. ground. We are hoping that he will perature considerbly below 32 de- An understanding was arrived at return as we have made definite grees F. without ice formation, whereby the matter will be dis-plans to make his next visit ex-providing it is not jarred in any cussed at the annual meeting with citing. way and many have watched a pond the expectation of arranging for a i when the lances of ice are reaching committee to take the matter up The season as a woe is aturace and noticed that with the state budget commissioner least ten days earlier than unfrozen spot if stirred with a last aon e surace ad tied that .an in order in order the acquaint him with o to acquaint him with the year so it isquite likely that Early . . . THATimperative need of more funds Blacks will be harvested about the twig, freezes instantly needed to carry on the work at the water melon growers in the vicinity experiment station. ls we in Ags ' Isccotlof Hope, Hemstead County, Arkan- Other arrangementswere made is well in hand this season and no in regard to the annual meeting, fireworm or fruitworm injury has sas are reputed the largwhich will include a clambake, been noted on any of the bogs. melon t od e rg n served for those present. est melon grown to date weighed 195 pounds .. THAT the acreage West Coast Notes planted to potatoes in the North east has declined about one-fifth in FACT CROWLEY by D. J. CROWLEY by D. J. .... recent years, but yields have in ___THAT cultivation of the beach creased and that marketing studies The cranberry season here is the plum will be hampered by a great have shown that as family income driest experienced so far and unless variety of insects, about as is the has increased the use of potatoes in some rains occur during the re-cranberry, as pioneers in this new the family has decreased . . . THAT mainder of July and August there potential industry are finding out (Continued on Page 9) Three Pest Control Bulletin CST DUST SAVES CRANBERRY PROFITS! POWERFUL LOW EFFECT OF DUST Leafhoppers, Fireworm, Gypsy Moth ON BEES AND FISH Control at 2 to $4 an Acre Saving Mir. C. JA. Doehlert, New Jersey Cranb erry Protect your profit with Pyrocide Dust. Tested and approved and Blueerry Rersearch Laboratory, has stated, "So far, by cranberry growers and experiment stations, Pyrocide Dust has proved it can accomplish quick and effective control of fireworms, this station has not observed any case of serious destruction of bees with pyrethrum. Inquiries made of three outside entomologists and two leading beekeepers have cor- roborated this record. If we ever have a change to some other poison for leafhoppers, the story may be- come different." (Proceedings, American Cranberry Growers' Association, Jan. 27, 1940.) leafhoppers and gypsy moth. Leafhoppers are the carrying agent for the virus disease known as false- blossom, and entomologists say that with leafhoppers gone, falseblos- som will practically disappear. p deDut wasused ef| How Pyrocide Dust was used ef- fectively as the specific for destroy- ing the blunt nosed leafhopper in extensive cranberry bogs near Phil- Kills These Common es Canberry Pests yrocide Dust has been tested for several years under actual commercial conditions and has been found effective against the following destructive cranberry pests: Blunt- Nosed Leafhopper; Gypsy Moth; Spittle Insect; Fireworm. ctiis Control of gypsy moth, leafhop second broods), brown and green span worms at a saving of from $2 to $4 an acre over what we have pay for clear pyrethrum powder." Insecticide dealers have stocks of Pyrocide Dust suitable for controlling different types of insects Co-operat G. L. F. Sol Build st s hal ess n n quiries to: J. J Beaten Company, Wareham, J J. Beaton Wareham, Mass. o-operative Ls F. Soil Build ig tService, 21West St., New ing Service, 21 West St., Ne York City, N. Y. 4. NON-POISONOUS. Pyrocide Crop-Saver Chemical Co., Inc., Ill. 2608enArthington St., Chicago, o ride us Dust is uniform in killing power. 4. NON-POISONOUS. Pyrocide Dust is harmless to man and warm blooded animals. No left on fruits poisonous residue left fruits residue on or vegetables. This is not the types of insects with fluorine and derris or cube dusts containing rotenone. case arsenic,at the lowest 5. QUICK RESULTS. Effective almost immediately upon contact. Insects stop feeding and are knocked off the plants within a few minutes after dusting. 6. FLEXIBLE. Pyrocide Dust is sold in several standard strengths to control different types of insects at the lowest possible cost. ~AssoiatonJan2 9 0.iextensive cranberry bogs near Phil- Pyrethrum Safe for Bees A careful study is being made of made by several experiment stations of te f effet insetiie sOn onthat dusts containing rotenone hae been found to be more toic tothe bees which fertilize cra- activothe will kilfish.e eprinciples ran- Mot ianteresting is the situatin ichm lea to of someting a which may lead to something of a bothers havete fiexpresennd lips, Wis., is told by Albert Hedler, manager setudy of the Cranberry Lake Development Co. many of our beds we had a intend to follow up these treat- ments during the present season," Mr. Hedler said. "We are assured en tho rid of the leafhopper we will get rid of the falseblossoms. We will continue the use of Pyrocide Dust any leafhop- entomologistsot berry plants than pyrewithrumtnvarious insects maythe when bewive cides made from derris and con anming rotenone are highly toxic bfis Mitamuntsamounts o Pyi Mnute of these active principles will kill fish. Cran berry bogs with ne dus ted roteno ustandfoodand flooded fterardv even dust after wards, many weeks ha afterwards, ve objection to th of damage o caused great t fish. In fish has caused such an odor as to raise objections from people living reasomnsthe neighborhood.itans isnber and in the Gameof dead fish officials, sportsmen's clubs and others have expressed strongest objection to the destruction of game fish. No similar objection has been met in 10 years of dusting ith ynrthrum iYnsecicides.insecticides, with pyrethrum in Pyrethrum ances One experiment station reports that the situation with respect to fish is serious but does not concern them as they are not recommend- ing use of rotenone insecticides since they have been able to obtain better control with pyrethrum. Pyrocide Dust has been found to be less toxic to bees and fish and more toxic to cranberry insects than rotenone dusts, and for these reasons its use is preferred. than rotenone dusts,Betterd for these pers on the place.st isecties have "I might add that we found very few traces of other harmful insects even though the ime for dusting various insects may not be the I am sure that in the con- same. I sure in the con- same. am trol of the leafhopper we have also destructionsons in cranberry bogs with in a large measure controlled these A Massachusetts grower reports other insects." u ta e 1. ECONOMICAL. Field compari- sons in cranberry bogs with other dust insecticides have shown that Pyrocide Dust saves up to per acre per applica- $4 acre to tion. Growers and Experiment everywhere porting similar experiences with Pyrocide Dust. 3. UNIFORM.Stations Uniform inarepyre-re- 2. HIGH KILLING POWER. One pound of Pyrocide Dust gives results equal to one pound of pure, high test pyrethrum pow- der at a fraction of the cost. Hitherto troublesome insects can now be controlled with Pyrocide Dust. 3. UNIFORM. Uniform in pyre- thrin content, hence Pyrocide bership would mean a curtailing of New President of N. E. Cranberry their contribution to the cranberry industry. Sales Company Addresses Meetinginsted of "Now instead of talking about a At the A. D.Makepeace Co. Office His address follows: "There are four membership or- ganizations in the cranberry field whose main idea is to contribute something worthwhile to the cran- berry industry as a whole. "None of these organizations are selfish. They could not be if they wanted to be. They cannot limit their benefits to their members for those benefits overflow and all growers, whether members or not, are the beneficiaries. "The oldest organization is the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association, which has a large membership. We know what they have accomplished. Because of this organization we enjoy the services of Dr. Franklin, Joe Kell- ey, our frost reports, our Experi- mental Station and many other worthwhile contributions. The members have received huge bene- fits but all growers not members have received these benefits. "The youngest organization is the system of Cranberry Clubs. They enjoy a good membership. Their contribution to the cran- berry industry is very important. Not only do they provide the good fellowship so essential to every industry,what is more but still industry, but what is still more important they provide a forum where all kinds of information ranberrie, wheabougr indgc sling about growing cranberries, selling cranberries, and all other phases of the cranberry industry can be dis- cussed. In these clubs you have your arguments, discussions and your talks. The members and their guests get a large amount of in- formation that is very worthwhile to them and to the industry. The members profit greatly from these clubs, but all cranberry growers are benefited. "Another organization is Cran- berry Canners, a cooperative can- ning organization which has con- con- tributed to the cranberry industry in the disposal of surplus crops; in extending the cranberry season; by selling in cans; experimenting in by-products; and by advertising. They have a good membership. They certainly did something for the cranberry industry in 1937. Their members benefited, but so did all cranberry growers. "The fourth organization is the New England Cranberry Sales Company. Theyhave a goodmem- bership. They are the cooperative selling organization for fresh fruit. They have contributed the pooling system, national advertising, order- ly marketing, an absolute certainty of payment. This organization is thirty-three years old. There is no question about their success. Their members have benefited greatly from these contributions. But all growers have received the resulting benefits from their endeavors. "Now I have emphasized mem- bership in these organizations. They must have a substantial num- e of members to carry on their activities and continue to con tribute to the success of the cran- berry industry as a whole. Their success varies with their member- ship. The greater their member- ship-the greater their success. Company should get below a cer tain point, national advertising would have to be stopped. A small membership could not afford to advertise for all cranberr grow- r. "The same thing would happen with Cranberry Canners. A small membership could not control and handle a surplus crop for the bene- fit of all cranberry growers. "If the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association lost its mem- bership, we might lose Dr. Frank- lin and even the Experimental Sta- tion unless ome other strong membership organization came to its rescue. "It's the same with the Cran- berry Clubs. A dwindling mem- smaller membership in all these smaler membership in al these organizations and the disastrous results, let's think what would happen with an increased member ship. "How much more successfully could be carried on all the actiities and contributions for the good of the industry of these organizations. With a 90% membership it would mean a cranberry grower's paradise. "And so it behooveseach and every one of us to be a member of at least one of these organizations, but let's go all the way and be members of all four if possible. And above all help to get as members for them those growers who are not members of any organization". Cranberry Meeting At At AtBog About 200 attended a cranberry meeting at the Ellis D. Atwood bog at South Carver, Mass., July 11. Plymouth County Agricultural agent, presided. Agricultural agent, presided. Fruit worm eggs were examined through microscopes, furnished by Dr. Henry J. Franklin, director of the Massachusetts Cranberry Ex periment station, who after show ing the eggs spoke upon treat ments to eliminate this pest. Other speakers were Mr. At- wood, the host; Frank Crandon, president of the Southeastern Cranberry Club, which was recently formed, and Harrison F. Goddard, president of the Cape Cod ranberry Growers Association. Cranberry Growers' Assoc Following the business meeting the guests enjoyed watermelons served through the courtesy of Mr. Atwood. Five NOW is the time to consider Fall needs Come in and see our SEPARATORS and 1 MUCH IMPROVED SCREENHOUSE MACHINERY I SCOOPS BOG PUMPS a new model-highly efficient BOG TOOLS --WHEELBARROWS Hayden Cranberry Separator Mfg. Co. A IM0oneer Lran by ROBERT H. CAHOON Editorial Dept., Boston Traveler A little used canal, less than a quarter of a mile long, started suc- cessful cranberry culture. What may be termed the great- est undertaking ever known in the industry of the great Cape Cod cranberry industry was the digging of the "canal" from Seymour's pond into Hinckley's in Pleasant Lake on Cape Cod nearly 90 years ago. It was at the very start of the new industry, and added much to trials and obstacles of a new busi- ness which had to be overcome by the promoters. Captain Alvin Cahoon of Har- wich was one of the best known skippers found on the Cape about a century ago. No storm was too severe, no feat too difficult for him to perform. He often started on his long trips from North Dennis, on the north side of the Cape. Mak- ing, as he did, frequent trips afoot Six 367 Main Street WAREHAM, MASS. PioneerA ranrly• Gro we serry Grovwer back and forth to his home across and marshes h the wild swamps and marshes, he observed cranberry vines growing ,observedcranberry vines growing wil. Where the sand blew down from the hills onto the plants, he noticed the vines grew better. This method of "re-sanding" the vines, as it is called, as Captain Cahoon observed it under natural conditions, has been practiced ever since. The berries grew wild and thrived, Captain Cahoon thought, so why not set them out, cultivate them and make them yield more profusely? The captain followed out his ideas. Each trip over the marshes where the vines grew wild, he carried a crocus bag, filled it with the tender vines and car- ried them to his Pleasant Lake home, where he set them out. Captain Cahoon was a pioneer of the Cape Cod cranberry indus- try. Among the first vines ever planted on the Cape were set out by him in the spring of 1846. They Tel. 497-W were planted under water, and oc cupied a patch about 12 square rods. Half an acre was planted the following spring, the turf being cleared and removed, so that the mud beneath would surround the ends of the vines, which later were to form the roots. Nearly an acre of bog was pn 18 a t planted in 1848, and during the winters of 48 and '49 nearly four acres were cleared up but were not set with vines as the water was toohigh. In 850 the vines were plantedi n tharea, but did not grow well, as there was too much water in Seymour's Pond along the beach of which the swamp was situated. Meanwhile some of Captain Cahoon's neighbors, one of whom was Captain Cyrus Cahoon, had also tried to get vines growing. Several plots were planted, but they made only slight growth, owing to the high pressure of the pond. It was then that Captain Alvin conceived the idea of lowering Seymour's by digging a miniature Panama through to another lake, (Continued on Page 11) ISSUE OF it^LlS iiVol.5 A SMALL CROP OF CRANBERRIES? FROM the present outlook it would appear that the 1940 crop of cranberries will not be large for the country as a whole, so there should be a favorable price for those who have cranberries. THE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY A STABLE ONE iN a rapidly changing world the cran berry industry seems to be one of the most stable of industries. Cranberries are recognized as one of the world's best fruit from a health standpoint and also for taste. It would seem that cranberries will continue to become more and more important. CRANBERRIES NOW YEAR ROUND DISH CRANBERRIES are said to have a cool- ing effect in the hot months and they have now become a year round fruit due to canning which of course makes them available at all times. Cran- berry sauce shouldn't be limited to turkey alone but it also "goes" with most summer dishes. IT must be very discouraging to attempt to raise cultivated blueberries in Wash- ington and have a big black bear walk in and eat up the fruit or otherwise damage the bushes. This could hardly occur in Mas sachusetts, New Jersey or Wisconsin, we believe. This is casting no aspersions on Washington, as it must be wilder territory than the other cranberry growing areas. JULY, 1940 a L C No. 3 PUBLISHED MONTHLY at the WAREHAM COURIER OFFICE, WAREHAM, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S. A. WAREHAM, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A. Editor and Publisher CLARENCE J. HALL LEMUEL C. HALL Associate Editor Subscription $2.00 per year Advertising rates upon application CORRESPONDENTS-ADVISORS New Jersey CHARLES S. BECKWITH State Cranberry Specialist Pemberton, N. J. Wisconsin VERNON GOLDSWORTHY Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin Washington-Oregon J. D. CROWLEY Cranberry Specialist Pullman, Wash. ETHEL M. KRANICK Bandon, Oregon Massachusetts DR. HENRY J. FRANKLIN Director Mass. State Cranberry Experiment Station East Wareham, Mass. BERTRAM TOMLINSON Barnstable County Agricultural Agent Barnstable County Agricultural Agent Barnstable, Mass. Repr New York City Representative 280 Madison Ave, Tel. Lexington 2-3595 Seven ^RIc » i f\lAW eedI ecent Results Of Weed Control CHESTER E. CROSS, Special Investigator Massachusetts Cranberry Experi- ment Station The following report embodies the conclusions drawn from experi- ments and observations made since the summer of 1937. The experi- mental areas of that year, together with those of more recent growing seasons, have been examined for cumulative or long-time effects on cranberry vines and their crops, as well as on the weeds that were treated. The spring and summer months of 1938 on Cape Cod were exceptionally wet, a condition which inhibited the kerosene ex- perimentation designed for those periods, but which revealed to us many aspects of kerosene and other control methods which would have remained unknown during the drier seasons of 1937 and 1939. Last summer was as dry as the preceding summer had been wet, and though the fair weather per- mitted much field work, the cran- berry vines as well as the weeds among them, were suffering from abnormal drought at the time the experiments were made. These weather conditions must be con- tinually remembered to evaluate properly the results of experiments which in all cases were subject to such conditions. Kerosene. The kerosene work in the spring and early summer of 1938 was generally less effective with most Cape Cod growers than in previous years. The tops of young grasses and sedges were killed off as expected, but within a month new tops grew up from the uninjured underground rootstocks. Then too, cranberry vines sustain- ed a greater than normal burn, and the flower buds were easily dam- aged. The prevalent soil moisture prevented kerosene from penetrat- ing the root systems as easily as under drier conditions, and the at- mospheric moisture kept weed and vine foliage more lush and tender than usual, rendering it suscepti- ble to normally mild treatments of Eight Ion r\ol*.t r» *• Experimentation kerosene. After-harvest spraying in 1937 and 1938 indicated that the drer conditions prevailing then and the hardiness of cranberry vines prepared for the rigors of winter, made it the ideal time for treating the grass, sedge, and rush pests of the bog. Kerosene experi- ments have shown that unless the oil contacts each weed top there is no permanent kill; to destroy the root and rootstock, the top pro- duced by these organs must be sprayed. In the fall, practically all living, underground, perenniating organs have produced a top and are thus rendered susceptible to a kerosene application. Experiments, made late in October after picking Howe cranberry vines, indicate that the weed tops may be prac- tically dead and still serve as a channel for lethal doses of kero- sene to their rootstocks. Because of the bruising of cranberry vines during picking operations, at least a week should elapse after har- vest before kerosene treatments are made. After September 15, flower buds for the following year seem sufficiently protected by waxes and resins to withstand suc- cessfully applications of kerosene up to 1000 gallons per acre. Any spraying between July 15 and Sep- trnmber 15, destroys, to a greater or lesser degree, the flower buds for the following year, and causes a corresponding decrease in crop. Any kerosene spraying in June, July and August causes some tip injury to cranberry vines, and may burn severely the tender leaves of new and vigorous runners. Tem- peratures over 80 ° F. induce addi- tional burning to cranberry vines particularly if there is little or no breeze. Weather conditions which foster rapid evaporation prevent excessive burning of cranberry vines. Water-white kerosene must always be used since fuel oils, range oils, and others with a yel- low tinge cause severe burning to the cranberry plants, and alter the soil in such a way that nothing can grow there for an indefinite period. The oils of Gulf, Shell, At- lantic, and probably Sinclair (Pacific) Refining Companies are found to cause a minimum of injury to cranberry vines, and at the same time act as effective weed-killers. No direct relationship has been found between the oil base, or chemical or physical constitution of kerosene oils and the amount of injury to cranberry vines. Experiments in July and August indicate that a low-held nozzle driving the kerosene into the vines, and a high-held nozzle permitting kero hee uder similar pressure to dr down onto the vines, cause drift cause equal amounts of vine injury. It s been thought that a hard driven spray causes more damage than a drifting mist, and this may still be true in late spring, but mid-summer experiments show no difference. The amount of cranberry vine burn is directly proportional to the quantity of kerosene applied. This is true whether the kerosene treatments are made with power or knapsack sprayers or with the watering can. The latter dispenses kerosene very rapidly and it is difficult to et an even pead of oil using less than 600 spread gallons per acre. It is because of the large doses of kerosene applied by ordinary sprinkling cans that many Cape Cod growers have reported such excellent results from weed control treatments made in this manner. Knapsack sprayers, on the contrary, dispense oil slow- and a thorough coverage can be made with only 150-200 gallons per acre. Because of this light application root systems often survive the treatment and cranberry growers are dissatisfied. The power sprayer is intermediate and permits a greater quantity regulation, and more uniform and thorough coverage. Cotton grass (Eriophorum vir ginicum L.), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), poverty grass (Andropogon sps.), fresh meadow grass (Carex bullata Schkuhr. and others), wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus [L.] Kunth.), manna grass (Glyceria canadensis [Michx.] Trin.), nut-grass (Cyp erus dentatus Torr.), chufus (Cyp esculentus L.) Dulichium ar undinaceum [L.] Britton, and severalother perennial grasses and sedges can be successfully con trolled by application of kerosene 400 gallons per acre (21/2 gallons per square rod). Others, like rice cut grass (Leersia oryzoides [L.] Sw.), and three-square grass (Scirpus americanus Pers.) re- quire at least 600 gallons and pre- ferably 800 gallons per acre to be really effective. In these cases, treatments must be accompanied by a drying out of the bog as thoroughly as possible prior to ap- plication. A high water table al- ways renders kerosene work on these weeds ineffective. Horsetail or marestail (Equise- tum arvense L. and E. hyemale L.) is not readily destroyed by kero- sene except in newly set bogs where heavy applications can be made early in the season dealing effetively with the pest and caus- ing no undue hurt to the young vines. On established bogs, ferric sulphate is preferable. ya o s ( Hoincana[L] Moench, is ery root incana [L.] Moench), is very root tender to kerosene. Bushes up to two and one-half feet high are killed by pouring one-half pint of killed one-half pint of kerosene at the base of each, while er seciens to si f lqu airefull pint. Smal bushes can equiredfl apint Sal bushe ps, be killed by spraying the tops, larger bushes are little affected by such treatment. Alders treated with kerosene may remain green for f our to five weeks, afte which the four to five weeks, after which the leaves turn brown, shrivel, and drop off. No plants have been drop off. No plants have been known to start afresh from the roots if the top has once completely lost its leaves. Treatments are equally effective in June, July, August, and September. ' e carea e aber The coarse bramble or blackberry (Rubus villosus Ait.) can be illed by thorough kerosene spraying in May when each clump is just start- ing to grow. Blossoms on adjacent cranberry vines are often injured, but the blackberries are completely eliminated, and the cranberry vines and blossoms the following year are normal and vigorous. This treatment has proved effective in large scale operations both in Mas- sachusetts and Rhode Island. Ferric sulphate. This compound a type of iron sulphate with a larger percentage of sulphate than is found in the ordinary "sugar of iron", comes into the trade as "Ferrisul" from the Monsanto Chemical Company.. It was first tried on cranberry bogs in 1938 and since then has shown increasing promise in weed control projects. The compound is dry, brown, and granular, being almost as easily handled as "iron sulphate". It is, however, slightly hygroscopic, i. e., takes up moisture from the air and eventually dissolves itself. Ob- viously, this characteristic makes it more reliable and generally effec- tive than the regular iron sulphate, which becomes a white, crusty ma- terial without weed-killing ability when rain fails to come and dis- solve it shortly after applying. Ten pounds of ferric sulphate, carefully and evenly scattered over a square rod, will eliminate all sensitive ferns (Onoclea sensibilis L.) 'Fifteen pounds per square rod killed all feather ferns (Aspidium thelypteris [L.] Sw.) and killed 95 per cent of the horsetail. These ap- plications proved quite ineffective on royal, cinnamon, and chain ferns (Osmunda regalis L., Osmunda cin- namomea L., and Woodwardia vir- ginica [L.] Sm.). July and August a i a injurious to cran- applications are injurious to cran- berry vines, but June and Septem- ber treatments have met with ex- cellent results, in which the crop I seemed to suffer in no respect. Ferric sulphate cannot be used on n newly-set bog, vines having less than three-years' growth being too tender to stand the' treatment. The vines must be thoroughly dry when eical is scattered, and in- the chemical is scattered, and in- jury can be cut to a minimum by brushing the chemical off the vines to the ground beneath. The cost of "ferrisul" is about double that of regular iron sulphate, but it is at used. It is similar to iron sulphate least twice as strong, requiring t us t is sila to ron sulphate in staining and rotting clothing if moistened and kept in contact th the cloth for a considerable time. Ferrous sulphate. "Iron sul- phte or sugar ofron when mixed nine toone with common salt forms an excellent mixture which when placed in handfuls at the base of royal and cinnamn ferns, kills these with little injury fer kills these wh le jy to adjacent cranberry vines. The salt takes up moisture from the air dissolvin itself and the iron r dissolving tself sulphate making the mixture ef- fective independent of the weather. Salt alone can be used, but requires much more care to prevent burning the nearby cranberry vines. Iron sulphate can be used effectively as a solution, one pound to one gallon of water, twenty gallons per square rod to kill asters, (chiefly Aster spectabilis Ait) and cause little or no damage to cranberry plants. The experiments showing these re- suits were set out in June. Dry iron sulphate scattered at thirty pounds per square rod also killed all asters when applied in August a test which showed no injury to crop or vines. Three-seeded mercury (Acalypha virginica L.,) can be killed by applying iron sulphate at fifteen pounds per square rod while weeds and vines are still wet with dew. Most recently, dry iron sulphate has been used with success on wild sweet potato (Apios tuberosa Moench). The one, known, successful plot was set out in June, 1939, on newly sanded vines which strangely enough were bearing a sizeable crop. In August the wild sizeable crop. In August the wild sweet potato plants had all died down and none could be found alive, and the underground "potatoes" and the underground "potatoes" were black, soft and rotten. Apparently there was no injury to the vines or the crop of berries they were bearing. pProbably at least thirty pounds per square rod were used, but exact knowledge of effec used, but exact knowledge of effec tive quantities will not be known until the growing season of 1940 until the growing season of 1940 when plots already treated will show the percentage kill of various show the percentage kill of various doses of iron sulphate. (To be continued) Are You Aware (Continued from Page 3) while ome give Persia credit as the country where the muskmelon was first raised the concensus of opinion is that the melon originated in Southern Asia in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains where they still grow in a wild state ... THAT New York state potato growers report the cost of growing, harvesting and marketing an acre is nearly $100 and that the yields there averaged 232 bushels to the acre, giving an average cost of 42 cents a bushel .... THAT it is scientifically stated that dried peas, dried beans and lentils furnish a great amount of proteins, and that (Continued on-Page 12) Nine on the other hand, has many tiny seeds so soft that they are scarcely noticed when the berries are eaten. The fruits of certain of the blueberry varieties native to Washington are gathered each fall and sold to the fresh market and to the The blueberry varieties native to Washington which produce most of the commercial pack are as follows: Vaccinium ovatum Pursh; Vaccinum acropylum (Hook) Piper; Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith; Vaccinium deliciosum Piper. The berries from these species are all marketed as huckleberries, and, owing to the general use of the word huckleberry to designate the native or wild blueberry, they will probably retain that name. The name blueberry will therefore serve name blueberry will therefore serve designate the cultivated varieties DDV~ ~THE BLUEBDII D \A/ERR kkU~lk~U~~~~~~~~i,~ ~~t s~ ______ Acanneries. Observations and Experiments With Blueberries In Western Washington by D. J. Crowley Director, Washington Cranberry and Blueberry Experiment Station The cultivation of blueberries is one of the youngest horticultural industries of western Washington. Nevertheless, the industry is at- tracting much attention and its rapid development in the near fu- ture very probably will e in the sections where the right combina- sectios we te rh tion of soil and moisture conditions are found The Cultivated Blueberry Only two species of blueberries have been placed in cultivation commercially, namely, Vaccinium corymbosum and Vaccinium virga- tur. The latter is a native of the southern states and is cultivated chiefly in Florida. Through the courtesy of Dr. G. M. Darrow of the United States Department of Agri- culture a few plants of this species were obtained in 1931 for testing in the blueberry experimental plot of the Cranberry Laboratory at Long Beach, Washington. These plants appear to be hardy under assembled a large number of blue- berry plants that produced berries of unusual size. This collection formed the foundation stock for most of the present commercial va- rieties. Important Species Native to Neverteless hendusryito designate the cultivated varieties Washington only. Several species of wild blue- erries are native to western Wash- ington. They are commonly, though incorrectly, called huckleberries. norrel ledries i huckleber i No truefistedhuckleberries are e the flora of Washington. The true huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata C. Koch) has 10 rather large seeds, which detract from the eating quality of the berry. The blueberry, The first planting of cultivated blueberries in western Washington was made in 1917 by Henry C. an wit lan r from r ane, with plants secured irom Dr. Coville. While the plants in this plot were not named varieties, they attracted much attention because of their high productivity and freedom from pests. (Continued on Page 12) McCornick Insecticides for Control of Cranberry Insects CRANBERRY DUST NO. 1: A standardized insecticidal dust combining pure pyrethrum extract and other insecfactors with a special carrier. It is ground into extremely fine particles so it can be used as a dust, or with water to make a spray or a wash. Leaves no poisonous residue. no residue. PYRETHRUM POWDER: Finest ground powder of its kind in the world. Contains more killing particles per ounce. More effective and economical because it comes into more intimate contact with vital parts of the insect's body. CO MIC ALE BA IMO , MD. Standardized Liquid and Dust Pyrethrum and Derris Insecticides .ticidal conitionbeh Washington conditions but whether they will prove to be of economic pashingts o uter they towil o beproveecombined importance in Washington remains to be determined. When cultivated blueberries are mentioned, however, it is generally assumed that the species being dis- cussed is the eastern, cultivated blueberry known scientifically as Vaccinium corymbosum. The history of this species as a cultivated plant dates back to 1909 when Co- ville started his experiments and outlined fundamentals for blue- berry culture. Much of his work was done at Whitesbog, New Jersey, where Elizabeth C. White had Ten Flooding and Irrigation idual bog if he is to get the mA out of it. (Continued from Page 2) Conclusion TABLE 1. The Average Effect of Height of Water Table on Growth of Cranberries Average Water Table 2.0 5.0 8.3 10.9 13.0 --— --- Annual Growth in Inches 2.35 2.54 2.86 2.91 3.05 Tips per Sq. Foot 347 386 412 422 397 Yield in lbs. per sq. rd 35.2 42.5 47.9 50.2 48.2 TABLE 2. Average Annual Crop on Plots With Water Table at Different Depths 1924-1927 There are three practices that are three practices that are often overlooked in New Jersey; the value of early drawing of the winter flood, the need of moisture in peat bogs and the necessity of more drainage on well sanded bogs. To this may be added the caution that early drawing will in- crease insect, disease and frost troubles; changing the water table practice too rapidly might cause injury; and well sanded bogs need injury; and well sdraianded bogs need much deeper drainage than peat bogs. Water Table groups (inches) Average Water of each group (inches) 1924 1925 ====================================== Average Yield of Berries 0-3" 3-6" 6-9" 9-12" 12-15" A Pioneer Cranberry GrowerGrower Table 2.0" 5.0" 8.3" 10.9" 13.0" (Continued from Page 6) some 200 yards distant. The lower lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lake known as Hinckley's or Pleasant Lake, was two feet lower than 58.8 55.7 68.8 73.9 70.3 Seymour's. Captain Cahoon had ^ _____________-o~--,___ noticed considerable seepage of 16.7 20.6 19.2 25.3 24.8 water order between to lower the two ponds. In Seymour's, it was 1926 49.8 62.Q 73.4 74.2 74.1 necessary to dig a ditch five feet 8 _ ^wide, running through hills nearly 1927 —30 15.8 Average 1924-1927 35.2 A note made at the time was to the efect that the crop on the high water table plots did not keep well. In fact, the fruit was over half soft and somewhat mushy at packing time. The above data apply to unsanded bogs only. There the entire root growth is in a thin layer at the surface which must be kept moist. Even when the soil is saturated, the roots get some air probably by floating on the surface of the wa- ter. One quarter inch of sand ap- plied to an old bog would not change this situation but a two-inch layer would. Very serious injury is caused by allowing a mud or peat bog to be- come too dry during June, July or August. Cases are common where the water is as low as two feet below the surface during a dry per- iod. On the other hand, the water table is often at the surface during 26.9 30.3 27.5 23.4 42.5 47.9 50.2 48.2 a wet period. Most growers will be surprised if they cut a hole two feet deep in their bog and watch how the water table changes during the season. A very definite effort should be made to keep the water table constant and about 10 inches below the surface. Many have noted how the peat dries hard and cracks at the sur- face during the dry periods. This makes a poor environment for the tender cranberry roots that must get nutrients there for the plants. Too often, growers have copied on their peat bogs the excellent drain- age systems in sanded bogs and have found that the cranberry vines die. Sanded bogs need a much lower water table than peat bogs. It is a common mistake not to change the water table materially upon sand- ing heavily. The growing of cran- berries on well sanded bogs needs study by the grower on the indiv- feet high. It was a gigantic undertaking. With wheel barrows and very little help, Captain Ca hoon started, with the aid of his small sons and one or two hired workmen. The late Captain Benjamin G. Cahoon then 14 years of age, a son of Alvin helped dig the stream. Neighbors discouraged the Captain and his helpers. Begun in the fall of 1852, however, the small gang worked diligently, and in April of the following year the canal was finished. The completion on April 1 was the occasion for a big celebration. Residents of towns and villages nearby were present. They celebrated by blowing horns and ringing bells. Though Captain Cahoon had sought the aid of neighbors to pay their share of the dig- gin, everyone flatly refused, saying it would be a failure and waste of money and time. Upon seeing that the pond could be considerably lowered, however, they reimbursed the aged captain liberally, and admitted he had done the trick. Water in Seymour's settled rapidly, and in three weeks the pond Eleven was two feet lower. Hinckley's, Blueberry Varieties feet tall and bears a good crop, but having a natural outlet to the (Continued from Page 10) in the strictly coastal areas its ocean in West Harwich-the so-Blueberry Varieties berries rarely ripen before the called "Herring River"-was little twentieth of August. Farther ineffectedby the surplus. After this Most of the named varieties of land from the ocean where the date other bogs were built along blueberries now grown commer-summer temperatures are higher, the shore of the pond. cially are either selections from the it is quite possible that this and Among the present owners of wild plants assembled atWhites-some of the other varieties not in- bog, New Jersey, or hybrids made eluded in our list may prove de- bog on or near the shore of theelddn m our y pod areJ. Burleigh Atkins, l from selected plants by Coville. The sirale. pond are J. Burleigh Atkins, Cal-varieties are vin Eldredge, Archilus Cahoon, principal named varieties are n E d,A CAh Adams, Cabot, Dunfee, Green-Are You Aware Robert H. Cahoon, Mrs. D. A. Adams, Cabot, Dufee, Gree-Are Aware field, Grover, Harding, Jersey, Clark. Bogs on other ponds in the r i (Continued from Page 9) area, famous for its beautiful lakes June, Katharine, Pioneer, Ran--when they are on the menu, meat coccas, Rubel, Sam, Stanley, and in a summer resort area, are own-el, Sam ale a is not necessary with that meal ed by Makepeace Brothers, Free-ammell. . . THAT golden bantam corn All these varieties are now grow- man Adams, and others. Among the eberr exerhas been, and is, the most famous early growers were the late Joseph t hybrid sweet corn and still is the N. Atkins, Emulous A. Cahoon, ' standard of perfection in quality and most of them have been under Joseph W. Crowell, James F. Ca-s t f s s. As . THAT the United States in hoon. The bogs planted nearly a observation for several years. As area and in people makes up about century ago are still producing for previously stated, all these varieties six and one-half percent of the are prolific but certain of them the most part. ae proi bt world, yet it produces sixty-two have proved to be better adapted to There has been some controversy ci ic c ii percent of the annual oil produc local climatic conditions than as to the promoter of the canal en-th I selectn variet b tion of the world, owns 68 percent others. In selecting varieties best terprise, but the late Captain "B. t c i a g of the automobiles, has 20,000,000 ^» 1.1,1 .-• f^ ^ adapted to conditions in a large ^ -n ^ nT • G." of Marshfield insisted, and of the world's 41,000,000 tele . part of western Washington, it was could prove, he said, that his fath- part of wester phones more than half of the col'. . h e s hnecessary to eliminate those that phones, more than half of the er took sole responsibility. After . .world's cotton production, 20 per- do not ripen their fruits in an aver- 5 school nights Captain "B. G." de-season before August 15. Va-cent of the world's 5,000,000,000 clares he rolled sand until his age season before 15. Va- bushels of wheat, four out of every rieties that do not ripen before the hands were blistered. Mornings his middle of August encounter a cer-t n boxes of oranges are packed father urged him to help a little. i competition from here and there are more students At the mouth of the canalhe trehe wildblueberries which come to colleges and universities than was a thick maple swamp, and the the maket about that time in the rest of the world put to- bog has always been known as the For those areas of western geher .... THAT half the land "Maple Swamp", although it was Washington such as Pacific and in the United States has been cleared and converted into bog. The c a damaged by erosion, and is costing late Joseph N. Atkins owned part Gras Hrbr cuties, ad ee-farmers at least $400,000,000 a wvhere where the summers are com-farmers at least $400,000,000 a of the property for years. It is now paatively cool, the varieties best year in the removal of soil fertility owned by Calvin Eldredge, a prom-ss alone? . ~~~~inentgrower. adapted to the growing season areinent grower. Cabot, Harding, Katharine, Pioneer, To raise cranberries successfully, Cra ' H r ii Sam, Rancoccas, Rubel, and Scam- H. Harriman good drainage is considered nec-Sam, Rancoccas, Rubel, and Scliam essary. Had Seymour's not beenr mell. Crop production records for Center St., North Carver, Mass. loweredconsiderably, it would the last three years indicate that Center St., North Carver, Mass. lowered it would have been impossible to build alonga.the average yield of each of these Real Estator have been e varieties is nearly the same. Specializing Purchase and impo to bd in the its shores. The June variety later probably Sale of Cranberry Properties qA_.. .. will be included with the recommended list as it is one of the earli- FOR YOUR FRIENDS est of the high bush varieties. It S L 0 has not, however, been sufficiently Who think cranberrying is a tested under local conditions to jus-R g S one-week a year business I will tify ts inclusion at present. TheSystem mail as you direct six Greenfield variety is the earliest of heads water cranberries CRANBERRY ALMANACS all the named varieties. Under local and protect from frost, address in the retun conditions, however, it is an uncer with your address in the return ' . withe fr ^ your producer. Its chief defect is its Dolrtain corner for Three Dollars. habit of blossoming in September Skinner System RUSSELL A. TRUFANT or October, after the fall rains of Irrigation start. Middleboro, Mass. The Grover variety is vigorous, Brookline Mass. _. produces a bush from seven to eight Twelve Hauck Kerosene Flame-Gun-2000 0 F .controlled J \ tjI \J_ | I 1 IC1 ^^ VI^Vll_ 1I 3 l heat-quickly... easily... economically destroys weeds (seeds and all), brush, other objectionable growths. Keeps roadways, fences, irrigation ditches, orchards, etc., clean. Hun^ dred and one uses. Inexpensive- Safe-Easy to use. Pays for itself in time and money saved. 10 day Free Trial. Write for Free literature and special introductory price. Saves Expense HAUCK MFG. CO. 186 TENTH - ^a VO I BROOKLYN, N.Y.|aOKyN Extensive Experience in ELECTRICAL WORK At Screenhouses, Bogs and Means Satisfaction . ^Pumps~~~______~~________________________~ ALFRED PAPPI WAREHAM, MASS. Tel. 626 Plymouth County Electric Co. We Have Listings of WAREHAM --PLYMOUTH Cranberry Bogs, Large and Small FOR SALE MASSACHUSETTS FOR SALE Geo. A. Cole Agency WILDA HANEY Decas Block Wareham, Massachusetts Buiid and Rebuild Productive Bogs the PROFITABLE WAY WITH ROTOTILLERE ONCE OVER the ground with ROTOTILLER gives complete prepara tion for immediate planting. Fast rotating tines plow, disc, harrow and smooth in a single operation. ROTOTILLER breaks up hard sod. Makes unexcelled, thoroughly pulverized, deep seed bed, with no hard plow sole. Chews up and destroys weeds; effectively discourages the pWER-DRIVEN multi- development and spread of False Blossom. 1 purpose ROTOTILLER enables your men to do two CULTURE to ten times as much pro- IDEAL FOR BLUEBERRY ductive work. Effects tremendous savings. Is easily ROTOTILLER used as a cultivator for blueberries will destroy and keep handled and works effecweeds down and rows clean. Works close to bushes without danger, tively in confined areas. doinT an incomparably better job than is possible with the scratch-drag Needs only guiding-ROmethod. ROTOTILLER prepares ground quickly and thoroughly for TOTILLER DOES THE WORK! 1/2 to 30 acres blueberry planting. Combines fertilizer intimately throughout seed bed. capacity. 1 to 10 horse- A-^TI'^, d ,os bpower. $232.00 up. PtO A deep, loose seed bed MalrdeM.arRe.U.to. Write for FREE in ONE operation 44-page catalog Address: ROTOTILLER, INC., DEPT. F, TROY, N. Y. Warehouses: New York, Toledo, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle COLLEY CRANBERRY COMPANY Water Street Pl9amonth Packers and Distributors SUITSUS BRAND CAPE COD CRANBERRIES DUST, SPRAY MATERIALS CRANBERRY FERTILIZER BOG SUPPLIES "t'a d aaL aranbe time" FROM THE "CO-OP BUILDER" "Most businesses are owned by one group of people and used by another. "A co-operative is owned by the same people who use it. "Since one cannot make a profit out of oneself, they conduct their business on a non-profit basis. Membership in a genuine cooperative is always open to all. Join and support yours!" 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Object Description
Title | Cranberries - The National Cranberry Magazine, 1940-07 |
Subject | Cranberries - The Magazine; |
Type | Text |
Format | image/pdf; |
Identifier | 4007CRAN.pdf |
Rights | 2008 Wetherby Cranberry Library; |
Submitting Institution | Wetherby Cranberry Library; |
Date Digitized | 2000-11-10 |
Coverage-Spatial | Cape Cod; New Jersey; Wisconsin; Oregon; Washington |
Coverage-Temporal | 1940-1949; |
Creator | Bob Taylor; Carolyn Gilmore; Carolyn Laban; Irving Demoranville; Phillip E. Marucci; Elizabeth G. Carpenter; I. V. Hall; Arthur Poole; Azmi Y. Shawa, Tod D. Planer; Dan Brockman; Joan E. Humphrey |
Date | 1940-07 |
Date Last Updated | 2008-07-31 |
Language | English |
Relation | Cranberries - The National Cranberry Magazine |
Description | The magazine entitled, “Cranberries – The National Cranberry Magazine,” describes grower information, regional news, and developments in the cranberry industry in the United States and Canada. |
Format-Medium | Magazine; |
Publisher | Wareham Courier Office |
Digitizer | Stosh Jonjak |
Description
Subject | Cranfest; Recipes |
Type | Image |
Format | Image/jpeg |
Rights | 2008 Wetherby Cranberry Library |
Submitting Institution | Wetherby Cranberry Library |
Date Digitized | 2008-07-22 |
Coverage-Spatial | Warrens, Wisconsin |
Creator | Cranfest; Warrens Cranberry Festival |
Date Last Updated | 2008-10-15 |
Language | English |
Relation | cranfest recipe brochures |
Description | For more photographs like this one, visit the Cranberry Library Photostream on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cranberrylibrary/sets/ |
Format-Medium | brochure |
Publisher | Cranfest; Warrens Cranberry Festival |
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'.. . ......................... ...... ·p~~ ~ ~ ..... .......................... ............... .............. ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~....... ................................................................................. In Answering Advertisements Please Mention "CRANBERRIES" SEPARATORS WILL BE NEEDED BEFORE LONG WE HAVE THEM --ORDER NOW Manufacturers of Cranberry Equipment Since 1895 Separators -Dusters -Conveyors -Belt Screens Blowers -Elevators -Box Shakers -Box Presses -Gas Locomotives -Wheel Barrows-Vine Pruners -Vine Rakes with metal teeth -Pumps -Sand Screens -Turf Haulers -Turf Axes. We Supply Motors -Gas Engines -Sprayers -Belting Pulleys Shafting -Axes -Picks -Grub Hoes -Mattocks Shovels, etc. South H. R.BAILEY CO. arver ESTABLISHED 1895 Tel. Carver 28-2 After the Fourth of July... The summer quickly passes and soon another Cranberry crop is ready to harvest. Everyone interested in the crop's progress toward picking time is keenly watching conditions of the setting, growing and maturing Cranberries. MINOT FOOD PACKERS, INC., is an integral part of the great Cranberry industry. We, being Canners of Cranberries, realize that we have certain obligations in our relations with Cranberry Growers that must be complied with if we would be successful. Has MINOT made good in its financial promises to growers? Read this as an example .. The year of the "largest-ever" crop-1937-we paid growers during that packing season $7.50 per barrel for Cranberries (without the barrel). Then, when every indication pointed to an unsold surplus from that great 1937 crop, we advised all those growers who supplied us that we would take every barrel of their surplus at $7.00 per barrel and make full payment therefor not later than March 31, 1938. The final payment was actually made to these growers on March 9, 1938, at $7.00 per barrel. We have always assured the growers that we are ever ready to work with them, shoulder to shoulder, to fulfill our agreements. Yes, Minot does business in the "American Way"-live and let live MINOT FOOD PACKERS, INC. HAMMONTON, NEW JERSEY "My! Daddy, that MIN-OT kwamberry thauth ith good . " BEST FOR THE PURPOSE CRANBERRY BOXES | MADE FROM NATIVE WHITE PINE Grown and Manufactured Here F. H. COLE Established 1707 MANUFACTURER OF8 WOODEN BOXES AND SHOOKS NORTH CARVER, MASS. ~r-LBG r ralk 1 FLOODINU and Tel. 46-5 Inir~r 1^ A EiQn\ I I~sL X s'ArI|K fwe~an P~kI IRRIGATIBN By Charles S. Beckwith, Cranberry Specialist New Jersey Cranberry and Blueberry Research Laboratory ly Page 99 Farm Problems. AEROIL, 563 Park West New York, N. J. square foot, the length of the uprights and the size of crop was recorded. The data for the first year has not been used in this study as it takes more than one year to get h e d ngerthe effect * injury a of frost of the changed water The' danger of frost injury is the most serious one to meet. There is no dot tt e is no doubt that uunprotected early drawn bogs will suffer much from frost some years. No grower needs frost some years. No grower needs to be rash and take the water off so early as to incur great damage but neither should he wait until he is sure to miss a good crop. The early drawn bogs withstand frost better than late drawn bogs so it is not necessarily twice as dangerous to draw April 10 as it is on May 10. The extremely low temperatures soon after the growth has started is the great danger in either case. At least, bogs that can be pro- tected should get value from early drawing. Fortunately, fireworms can be controlled by holding the water un- til May 10 and reflowing when the black-head fireworm larva is full grown. This cure is so complete that it does not need to be repeated every year. Fruit worm has been serious where bogs are drawn early consistently but an occasional May 10 drawing should hold. this worm in check. Blossom worms may be more difficult to fight with early drawing because they will emerge over a longer period. We cannot be sure just how the blunt-nosed leaf- hopper will react to earlier draw- ing but we do not expect any ser- ious difficulty. Holding until May 10 one year in three should be Two sufficient to care for insects especially if some spraying or dust- ing is available in times of need. There is no certainty that early ere i no c n a drawing will produce a large crop the first year it is used but there is a good chance for this to happen. Whether it does or not, the early drawn bog should improve in pro- duction over a period of years as- suming that it is treated properly for insects, Water Table Years ago we made a study of the optimum height to hold water on unsanded cranberries during the growing season. The data has been presented year by year in annual reports but no complete summary was made. It might be well to re- view it. A section of bog planted in Howes was arranged with ditches and stops so that water could be held at any desired height down to 15 inches below the surface. Twen- ty-five plots were laid out one rod square and wells were placed in opposite corners. The height of the water table was regulated, meas- ured and recorded twice a week for five years. In three plots the water was kept between the surface and three inches deep. In seven it was from three to six inches deep and in five each it was 6-9, 9-12 and 12- 15 inches deep. At the end of each year, the number of uprights to the ld e u e foron o otg o growth conditions. We found that simply holding the e at s hoin the water at a certain height in the ditches did not regulate entirely the water in the soil. During wet weather the water was much higher in the soil and during dry weather it was much lower. At times it was necessary to bring water through supplementary ditches to maintain the head planned. It was a considerable task to keep the head within a three inch range. The data for four years on a total of 25 plots has been averaged and summarized for Table 1. It will be noted that the annual growth of uprights is the greatest where the water table is the lowest. The number of tips per square foot is greatest where the water table is from 9 to 11 inches below the surface. The yield of berries is greatest where the water is held 9 to 11 inches below the surface. This is taken as the optimum water table for the soil. There is no great difference between the crop where the water was held 11 inches below the surface and where it was held 13 inches below but the difference is consistent throughout the four years recorded. This is shown on Table 2. (Continued on Page 11) 04\ONPALCRANBERRyGa FRESH FROM THE FIELDS By C.J. H. Mass. Crop T h e Massachu-will be considerable injury to the .... THAT on the known fact Probably setts cranberry crop and probably to vines on some that many insects, harmful to 400,000 Bbls. crop will not per-bogs. The crop on the Pacific Coast agriculture are often destroyed by haps exceed 400,-as a whole up to now looks better other insects, insect control work000 barrels due to the fact that it than last year, but due to drought it ers are carrying on experiments has been a cold spring up to the is too early to forecast what the with known enemies of certain present, and there has been con-final results will be. Reservoirs are pests and searching for parasitessiderable winter kill.siderablei . getting pretty low and only a good which will effectively attack others Cape Cod Cran-At a meeting rain will relieve the situation for . . . THAT goats are not eaters berry Growers' of the board of most growers. of tin cans, contrary to popular Asso. Meeting directors of Recently a large black bear got jokes, but they are great climbers, August 27 the Cape Cod into the cultivated blueberry patch the higher the climbing is the bet- C ran b e r r y at the State Bog and did consider-ter they like it, and this is said to Growers' Association held on July able damage. The berries were ripe be inherent from their rough Euro19 it was decided to hold the an-only on the early bushes and these pean mountain habitat . . . THAT nual meeting on Tuesday, August are located in different places hybrids are becoming more and eExperiment Statbon gaue ~~~~~27,at thyro more important in the breeding of at East Wareham. throughout the blueberry planting. At this meeting a conference The bear travelled up and down various kinds of plant life and that was held with President Baker of each row as was evident by tracks a hybrid is defined as "the off- the State College and Dr. Sievers, and when he reached a bush that spring of two parents unlike one director of the Agricultural Exper-had ripe berries he sat down on or another in one or more heritable iment Station, in regard to adding near the bush and scooped the ber-characteristics to the staff at the station at East characteristics Wareham and furnishing an assist-Ties into his mouth. He put on a ant to Dr. Henry J. Franklin. 'Blitzkreig" on 30 bushes. The THAT win, or even a s A frank and open discussion was bushes are badly broken up and breeze takes more heat out of a held with the two state officials, there i no need for further picking greenhouse or a hot-house than who explained the financial situa- on those bushes as the berries that still air... THAT it is a matter of tion which prevented them from in- ction which preventedadto tex e tis were not ripe were scattered on the fact that produce may go to a tem curring any addition expenses this i peratureconsiderbly below 32 de- year. ground. We are hoping that he will perature considerbly below 32 de- An understanding was arrived at return as we have made definite grees F. without ice formation, whereby the matter will be dis-plans to make his next visit ex-providing it is not jarred in any cussed at the annual meeting with citing. way and many have watched a pond the expectation of arranging for a i when the lances of ice are reaching committee to take the matter up The season as a woe is aturace and noticed that with the state budget commissioner least ten days earlier than unfrozen spot if stirred with a last aon e surace ad tied that .an in order in order the acquaint him with o to acquaint him with the year so it isquite likely that Early . . . THATimperative need of more funds Blacks will be harvested about the twig, freezes instantly needed to carry on the work at the water melon growers in the vicinity experiment station. ls we in Ags ' Isccotlof Hope, Hemstead County, Arkan- Other arrangementswere made is well in hand this season and no in regard to the annual meeting, fireworm or fruitworm injury has sas are reputed the largwhich will include a clambake, been noted on any of the bogs. melon t od e rg n served for those present. est melon grown to date weighed 195 pounds .. THAT the acreage West Coast Notes planted to potatoes in the North east has declined about one-fifth in FACT CROWLEY by D. J. CROWLEY by D. J. .... recent years, but yields have in ___THAT cultivation of the beach creased and that marketing studies The cranberry season here is the plum will be hampered by a great have shown that as family income driest experienced so far and unless variety of insects, about as is the has increased the use of potatoes in some rains occur during the re-cranberry, as pioneers in this new the family has decreased . . . THAT mainder of July and August there potential industry are finding out (Continued on Page 9) Three Pest Control Bulletin CST DUST SAVES CRANBERRY PROFITS! POWERFUL LOW EFFECT OF DUST Leafhoppers, Fireworm, Gypsy Moth ON BEES AND FISH Control at 2 to $4 an Acre Saving Mir. C. JA. Doehlert, New Jersey Cranb erry Protect your profit with Pyrocide Dust. Tested and approved and Blueerry Rersearch Laboratory, has stated, "So far, by cranberry growers and experiment stations, Pyrocide Dust has proved it can accomplish quick and effective control of fireworms, this station has not observed any case of serious destruction of bees with pyrethrum. Inquiries made of three outside entomologists and two leading beekeepers have cor- roborated this record. If we ever have a change to some other poison for leafhoppers, the story may be- come different." (Proceedings, American Cranberry Growers' Association, Jan. 27, 1940.) leafhoppers and gypsy moth. Leafhoppers are the carrying agent for the virus disease known as false- blossom, and entomologists say that with leafhoppers gone, falseblos- som will practically disappear. p deDut wasused ef| How Pyrocide Dust was used ef- fectively as the specific for destroy- ing the blunt nosed leafhopper in extensive cranberry bogs near Phil- Kills These Common es Canberry Pests yrocide Dust has been tested for several years under actual commercial conditions and has been found effective against the following destructive cranberry pests: Blunt- Nosed Leafhopper; Gypsy Moth; Spittle Insect; Fireworm. ctiis Control of gypsy moth, leafhop second broods), brown and green span worms at a saving of from $2 to $4 an acre over what we have pay for clear pyrethrum powder." Insecticide dealers have stocks of Pyrocide Dust suitable for controlling different types of insects Co-operat G. L. F. Sol Build st s hal ess n n quiries to: J. J Beaten Company, Wareham, J J. Beaton Wareham, Mass. o-operative Ls F. Soil Build ig tService, 21West St., New ing Service, 21 West St., Ne York City, N. Y. 4. NON-POISONOUS. Pyrocide Crop-Saver Chemical Co., Inc., Ill. 2608enArthington St., Chicago, o ride us Dust is uniform in killing power. 4. NON-POISONOUS. Pyrocide Dust is harmless to man and warm blooded animals. No left on fruits poisonous residue left fruits residue on or vegetables. This is not the types of insects with fluorine and derris or cube dusts containing rotenone. case arsenic,at the lowest 5. QUICK RESULTS. Effective almost immediately upon contact. Insects stop feeding and are knocked off the plants within a few minutes after dusting. 6. FLEXIBLE. Pyrocide Dust is sold in several standard strengths to control different types of insects at the lowest possible cost. ~AssoiatonJan2 9 0.iextensive cranberry bogs near Phil- Pyrethrum Safe for Bees A careful study is being made of made by several experiment stations of te f effet insetiie sOn onthat dusts containing rotenone hae been found to be more toic tothe bees which fertilize cra- activothe will kilfish.e eprinciples ran- Mot ianteresting is the situatin ichm lea to of someting a which may lead to something of a bothers havete fiexpresennd lips, Wis., is told by Albert Hedler, manager setudy of the Cranberry Lake Development Co. many of our beds we had a intend to follow up these treat- ments during the present season" Mr. Hedler said. "We are assured en tho rid of the leafhopper we will get rid of the falseblossoms. We will continue the use of Pyrocide Dust any leafhop- entomologistsot berry plants than pyrewithrumtnvarious insects maythe when bewive cides made from derris and con anming rotenone are highly toxic bfis Mitamuntsamounts o Pyi Mnute of these active principles will kill fish. Cran berry bogs with ne dus ted roteno ustandfoodand flooded fterardv even dust after wards, many weeks ha afterwards, ve objection to th of damage o caused great t fish. In fish has caused such an odor as to raise objections from people living reasomnsthe neighborhood.itans isnber and in the Gameof dead fish officials, sportsmen's clubs and others have expressed strongest objection to the destruction of game fish. No similar objection has been met in 10 years of dusting ith ynrthrum iYnsecicides.insecticides, with pyrethrum in Pyrethrum ances One experiment station reports that the situation with respect to fish is serious but does not concern them as they are not recommend- ing use of rotenone insecticides since they have been able to obtain better control with pyrethrum. Pyrocide Dust has been found to be less toxic to bees and fish and more toxic to cranberry insects than rotenone dusts, and for these reasons its use is preferred. than rotenone dusts,Betterd for these pers on the place.st isecties have "I might add that we found very few traces of other harmful insects even though the ime for dusting various insects may not be the I am sure that in the con- same. I sure in the con- same. am trol of the leafhopper we have also destructionsons in cranberry bogs with in a large measure controlled these A Massachusetts grower reports other insects." u ta e 1. ECONOMICAL. Field compari- sons in cranberry bogs with other dust insecticides have shown that Pyrocide Dust saves up to per acre per applica- $4 acre to tion. Growers and Experiment everywhere porting similar experiences with Pyrocide Dust. 3. UNIFORM.Stations Uniform inarepyre-re- 2. HIGH KILLING POWER. One pound of Pyrocide Dust gives results equal to one pound of pure, high test pyrethrum pow- der at a fraction of the cost. Hitherto troublesome insects can now be controlled with Pyrocide Dust. 3. UNIFORM. Uniform in pyre- thrin content, hence Pyrocide bership would mean a curtailing of New President of N. E. Cranberry their contribution to the cranberry industry. Sales Company Addresses Meetinginsted of "Now instead of talking about a At the A. D.Makepeace Co. Office His address follows: "There are four membership or- ganizations in the cranberry field whose main idea is to contribute something worthwhile to the cran- berry industry as a whole. "None of these organizations are selfish. They could not be if they wanted to be. They cannot limit their benefits to their members for those benefits overflow and all growers, whether members or not, are the beneficiaries. "The oldest organization is the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association, which has a large membership. We know what they have accomplished. Because of this organization we enjoy the services of Dr. Franklin, Joe Kell- ey, our frost reports, our Experi- mental Station and many other worthwhile contributions. The members have received huge bene- fits but all growers not members have received these benefits. "The youngest organization is the system of Cranberry Clubs. They enjoy a good membership. Their contribution to the cran- berry industry is very important. Not only do they provide the good fellowship so essential to every industry,what is more but still industry, but what is still more important they provide a forum where all kinds of information ranberrie, wheabougr indgc sling about growing cranberries, selling cranberries, and all other phases of the cranberry industry can be dis- cussed. In these clubs you have your arguments, discussions and your talks. The members and their guests get a large amount of in- formation that is very worthwhile to them and to the industry. The members profit greatly from these clubs, but all cranberry growers are benefited. "Another organization is Cran- berry Canners, a cooperative can- ning organization which has con- con- tributed to the cranberry industry in the disposal of surplus crops; in extending the cranberry season; by selling in cans; experimenting in by-products; and by advertising. They have a good membership. They certainly did something for the cranberry industry in 1937. Their members benefited, but so did all cranberry growers. "The fourth organization is the New England Cranberry Sales Company. Theyhave a goodmem- bership. They are the cooperative selling organization for fresh fruit. They have contributed the pooling system, national advertising, order- ly marketing, an absolute certainty of payment. This organization is thirty-three years old. There is no question about their success. Their members have benefited greatly from these contributions. But all growers have received the resulting benefits from their endeavors. "Now I have emphasized mem- bership in these organizations. They must have a substantial num- e of members to carry on their activities and continue to con tribute to the success of the cran- berry industry as a whole. Their success varies with their member- ship. The greater their member- ship-the greater their success. Company should get below a cer tain point, national advertising would have to be stopped. A small membership could not afford to advertise for all cranberr grow- r. "The same thing would happen with Cranberry Canners. A small membership could not control and handle a surplus crop for the bene- fit of all cranberry growers. "If the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association lost its mem- bership, we might lose Dr. Frank- lin and even the Experimental Sta- tion unless ome other strong membership organization came to its rescue. "It's the same with the Cran- berry Clubs. A dwindling mem- smaller membership in all these smaler membership in al these organizations and the disastrous results, let's think what would happen with an increased member ship. "How much more successfully could be carried on all the actiities and contributions for the good of the industry of these organizations. With a 90% membership it would mean a cranberry grower's paradise. "And so it behooveseach and every one of us to be a member of at least one of these organizations, but let's go all the way and be members of all four if possible. And above all help to get as members for them those growers who are not members of any organization". Cranberry Meeting At At AtBog About 200 attended a cranberry meeting at the Ellis D. Atwood bog at South Carver, Mass., July 11. Plymouth County Agricultural agent, presided. Agricultural agent, presided. Fruit worm eggs were examined through microscopes, furnished by Dr. Henry J. Franklin, director of the Massachusetts Cranberry Ex periment station, who after show ing the eggs spoke upon treat ments to eliminate this pest. Other speakers were Mr. At- wood, the host; Frank Crandon, president of the Southeastern Cranberry Club, which was recently formed, and Harrison F. Goddard, president of the Cape Cod ranberry Growers Association. Cranberry Growers' Assoc Following the business meeting the guests enjoyed watermelons served through the courtesy of Mr. Atwood. Five NOW is the time to consider Fall needs Come in and see our SEPARATORS and 1 MUCH IMPROVED SCREENHOUSE MACHINERY I SCOOPS BOG PUMPS a new model-highly efficient BOG TOOLS --WHEELBARROWS Hayden Cranberry Separator Mfg. Co. A IM0oneer Lran by ROBERT H. CAHOON Editorial Dept., Boston Traveler A little used canal, less than a quarter of a mile long, started suc- cessful cranberry culture. What may be termed the great- est undertaking ever known in the industry of the great Cape Cod cranberry industry was the digging of the "canal" from Seymour's pond into Hinckley's in Pleasant Lake on Cape Cod nearly 90 years ago. It was at the very start of the new industry, and added much to trials and obstacles of a new busi- ness which had to be overcome by the promoters. Captain Alvin Cahoon of Har- wich was one of the best known skippers found on the Cape about a century ago. No storm was too severe, no feat too difficult for him to perform. He often started on his long trips from North Dennis, on the north side of the Cape. Mak- ing, as he did, frequent trips afoot Six 367 Main Street WAREHAM, MASS. PioneerA ranrly• Gro we serry Grovwer back and forth to his home across and marshes h the wild swamps and marshes, he observed cranberry vines growing ,observedcranberry vines growing wil. Where the sand blew down from the hills onto the plants, he noticed the vines grew better. This method of "re-sanding" the vines, as it is called, as Captain Cahoon observed it under natural conditions, has been practiced ever since. The berries grew wild and thrived, Captain Cahoon thought, so why not set them out, cultivate them and make them yield more profusely? The captain followed out his ideas. Each trip over the marshes where the vines grew wild, he carried a crocus bag, filled it with the tender vines and car- ried them to his Pleasant Lake home, where he set them out. Captain Cahoon was a pioneer of the Cape Cod cranberry indus- try. Among the first vines ever planted on the Cape were set out by him in the spring of 1846. They Tel. 497-W were planted under water, and oc cupied a patch about 12 square rods. Half an acre was planted the following spring, the turf being cleared and removed, so that the mud beneath would surround the ends of the vines, which later were to form the roots. Nearly an acre of bog was pn 18 a t planted in 1848, and during the winters of 48 and '49 nearly four acres were cleared up but were not set with vines as the water was toohigh. In 850 the vines were plantedi n tharea, but did not grow well, as there was too much water in Seymour's Pond along the beach of which the swamp was situated. Meanwhile some of Captain Cahoon's neighbors, one of whom was Captain Cyrus Cahoon, had also tried to get vines growing. Several plots were planted, but they made only slight growth, owing to the high pressure of the pond. It was then that Captain Alvin conceived the idea of lowering Seymour's by digging a miniature Panama through to another lake, (Continued on Page 11) ISSUE OF it^LlS iiVol.5 A SMALL CROP OF CRANBERRIES? FROM the present outlook it would appear that the 1940 crop of cranberries will not be large for the country as a whole, so there should be a favorable price for those who have cranberries. THE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY A STABLE ONE iN a rapidly changing world the cran berry industry seems to be one of the most stable of industries. Cranberries are recognized as one of the world's best fruit from a health standpoint and also for taste. It would seem that cranberries will continue to become more and more important. CRANBERRIES NOW YEAR ROUND DISH CRANBERRIES are said to have a cool- ing effect in the hot months and they have now become a year round fruit due to canning which of course makes them available at all times. Cran- berry sauce shouldn't be limited to turkey alone but it also "goes" with most summer dishes. IT must be very discouraging to attempt to raise cultivated blueberries in Wash- ington and have a big black bear walk in and eat up the fruit or otherwise damage the bushes. This could hardly occur in Mas sachusetts, New Jersey or Wisconsin, we believe. This is casting no aspersions on Washington, as it must be wilder territory than the other cranberry growing areas. JULY, 1940 a L C No. 3 PUBLISHED MONTHLY at the WAREHAM COURIER OFFICE, WAREHAM, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S. A. WAREHAM, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A. Editor and Publisher CLARENCE J. HALL LEMUEL C. HALL Associate Editor Subscription $2.00 per year Advertising rates upon application CORRESPONDENTS-ADVISORS New Jersey CHARLES S. BECKWITH State Cranberry Specialist Pemberton, N. J. Wisconsin VERNON GOLDSWORTHY Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin Washington-Oregon J. D. CROWLEY Cranberry Specialist Pullman, Wash. ETHEL M. KRANICK Bandon, Oregon Massachusetts DR. HENRY J. FRANKLIN Director Mass. State Cranberry Experiment Station East Wareham, Mass. BERTRAM TOMLINSON Barnstable County Agricultural Agent Barnstable County Agricultural Agent Barnstable, Mass. Repr New York City Representative 280 Madison Ave, Tel. Lexington 2-3595 Seven ^RIc » i f\lAW eedI ecent Results Of Weed Control CHESTER E. CROSS, Special Investigator Massachusetts Cranberry Experi- ment Station The following report embodies the conclusions drawn from experi- ments and observations made since the summer of 1937. The experi- mental areas of that year, together with those of more recent growing seasons, have been examined for cumulative or long-time effects on cranberry vines and their crops, as well as on the weeds that were treated. The spring and summer months of 1938 on Cape Cod were exceptionally wet, a condition which inhibited the kerosene ex- perimentation designed for those periods, but which revealed to us many aspects of kerosene and other control methods which would have remained unknown during the drier seasons of 1937 and 1939. Last summer was as dry as the preceding summer had been wet, and though the fair weather per- mitted much field work, the cran- berry vines as well as the weeds among them, were suffering from abnormal drought at the time the experiments were made. These weather conditions must be con- tinually remembered to evaluate properly the results of experiments which in all cases were subject to such conditions. Kerosene. The kerosene work in the spring and early summer of 1938 was generally less effective with most Cape Cod growers than in previous years. The tops of young grasses and sedges were killed off as expected, but within a month new tops grew up from the uninjured underground rootstocks. Then too, cranberry vines sustain- ed a greater than normal burn, and the flower buds were easily dam- aged. The prevalent soil moisture prevented kerosene from penetrat- ing the root systems as easily as under drier conditions, and the at- mospheric moisture kept weed and vine foliage more lush and tender than usual, rendering it suscepti- ble to normally mild treatments of Eight Ion r\ol*.t r» *• Experimentation kerosene. After-harvest spraying in 1937 and 1938 indicated that the drer conditions prevailing then and the hardiness of cranberry vines prepared for the rigors of winter, made it the ideal time for treating the grass, sedge, and rush pests of the bog. Kerosene experi- ments have shown that unless the oil contacts each weed top there is no permanent kill; to destroy the root and rootstock, the top pro- duced by these organs must be sprayed. In the fall, practically all living, underground, perenniating organs have produced a top and are thus rendered susceptible to a kerosene application. Experiments, made late in October after picking Howe cranberry vines, indicate that the weed tops may be prac- tically dead and still serve as a channel for lethal doses of kero- sene to their rootstocks. Because of the bruising of cranberry vines during picking operations, at least a week should elapse after har- vest before kerosene treatments are made. After September 15, flower buds for the following year seem sufficiently protected by waxes and resins to withstand suc- cessfully applications of kerosene up to 1000 gallons per acre. Any spraying between July 15 and Sep- trnmber 15, destroys, to a greater or lesser degree, the flower buds for the following year, and causes a corresponding decrease in crop. Any kerosene spraying in June, July and August causes some tip injury to cranberry vines, and may burn severely the tender leaves of new and vigorous runners. Tem- peratures over 80 ° F. induce addi- tional burning to cranberry vines particularly if there is little or no breeze. Weather conditions which foster rapid evaporation prevent excessive burning of cranberry vines. Water-white kerosene must always be used since fuel oils, range oils, and others with a yel- low tinge cause severe burning to the cranberry plants, and alter the soil in such a way that nothing can grow there for an indefinite period. The oils of Gulf, Shell, At- lantic, and probably Sinclair (Pacific) Refining Companies are found to cause a minimum of injury to cranberry vines, and at the same time act as effective weed-killers. No direct relationship has been found between the oil base, or chemical or physical constitution of kerosene oils and the amount of injury to cranberry vines. Experiments in July and August indicate that a low-held nozzle driving the kerosene into the vines, and a high-held nozzle permitting kero hee uder similar pressure to dr down onto the vines, cause drift cause equal amounts of vine injury. It s been thought that a hard driven spray causes more damage than a drifting mist, and this may still be true in late spring, but mid-summer experiments show no difference. The amount of cranberry vine burn is directly proportional to the quantity of kerosene applied. This is true whether the kerosene treatments are made with power or knapsack sprayers or with the watering can. The latter dispenses kerosene very rapidly and it is difficult to et an even pead of oil using less than 600 spread gallons per acre. It is because of the large doses of kerosene applied by ordinary sprinkling cans that many Cape Cod growers have reported such excellent results from weed control treatments made in this manner. Knapsack sprayers, on the contrary, dispense oil slow- and a thorough coverage can be made with only 150-200 gallons per acre. Because of this light application root systems often survive the treatment and cranberry growers are dissatisfied. The power sprayer is intermediate and permits a greater quantity regulation, and more uniform and thorough coverage. Cotton grass (Eriophorum vir ginicum L.), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), poverty grass (Andropogon sps.), fresh meadow grass (Carex bullata Schkuhr. and others), wool grass (Scirpus cyperinus [L.] Kunth.), manna grass (Glyceria canadensis [Michx.] Trin.), nut-grass (Cyp erus dentatus Torr.), chufus (Cyp esculentus L.) Dulichium ar undinaceum [L.] Britton, and severalother perennial grasses and sedges can be successfully con trolled by application of kerosene 400 gallons per acre (21/2 gallons per square rod). Others, like rice cut grass (Leersia oryzoides [L.] Sw.), and three-square grass (Scirpus americanus Pers.) re- quire at least 600 gallons and pre- ferably 800 gallons per acre to be really effective. In these cases, treatments must be accompanied by a drying out of the bog as thoroughly as possible prior to ap- plication. A high water table al- ways renders kerosene work on these weeds ineffective. Horsetail or marestail (Equise- tum arvense L. and E. hyemale L.) is not readily destroyed by kero- sene except in newly set bogs where heavy applications can be made early in the season dealing effetively with the pest and caus- ing no undue hurt to the young vines. On established bogs, ferric sulphate is preferable. ya o s ( Hoincana[L] Moench, is ery root incana [L.] Moench), is very root tender to kerosene. Bushes up to two and one-half feet high are killed by pouring one-half pint of killed one-half pint of kerosene at the base of each, while er seciens to si f lqu airefull pint. Smal bushes can equiredfl apint Sal bushe ps, be killed by spraying the tops, larger bushes are little affected by such treatment. Alders treated with kerosene may remain green for f our to five weeks, afte which the four to five weeks, after which the leaves turn brown, shrivel, and drop off. No plants have been drop off. No plants have been known to start afresh from the roots if the top has once completely lost its leaves. Treatments are equally effective in June, July, August, and September. ' e carea e aber The coarse bramble or blackberry (Rubus villosus Ait.) can be illed by thorough kerosene spraying in May when each clump is just start- ing to grow. Blossoms on adjacent cranberry vines are often injured, but the blackberries are completely eliminated, and the cranberry vines and blossoms the following year are normal and vigorous. This treatment has proved effective in large scale operations both in Mas- sachusetts and Rhode Island. Ferric sulphate. This compound a type of iron sulphate with a larger percentage of sulphate than is found in the ordinary "sugar of iron", comes into the trade as "Ferrisul" from the Monsanto Chemical Company.. It was first tried on cranberry bogs in 1938 and since then has shown increasing promise in weed control projects. The compound is dry, brown, and granular, being almost as easily handled as "iron sulphate". It is, however, slightly hygroscopic, i. e., takes up moisture from the air and eventually dissolves itself. Ob- viously, this characteristic makes it more reliable and generally effec- tive than the regular iron sulphate, which becomes a white, crusty ma- terial without weed-killing ability when rain fails to come and dis- solve it shortly after applying. Ten pounds of ferric sulphate, carefully and evenly scattered over a square rod, will eliminate all sensitive ferns (Onoclea sensibilis L.) 'Fifteen pounds per square rod killed all feather ferns (Aspidium thelypteris [L.] Sw.) and killed 95 per cent of the horsetail. These ap- plications proved quite ineffective on royal, cinnamon, and chain ferns (Osmunda regalis L., Osmunda cin- namomea L., and Woodwardia vir- ginica [L.] Sm.). July and August a i a injurious to cran- applications are injurious to cran- berry vines, but June and Septem- ber treatments have met with ex- cellent results, in which the crop I seemed to suffer in no respect. Ferric sulphate cannot be used on n newly-set bog, vines having less than three-years' growth being too tender to stand the' treatment. The vines must be thoroughly dry when eical is scattered, and in- the chemical is scattered, and in- jury can be cut to a minimum by brushing the chemical off the vines to the ground beneath. The cost of "ferrisul" is about double that of regular iron sulphate, but it is at used. It is similar to iron sulphate least twice as strong, requiring t us t is sila to ron sulphate in staining and rotting clothing if moistened and kept in contact th the cloth for a considerable time. Ferrous sulphate. "Iron sul- phte or sugar ofron when mixed nine toone with common salt forms an excellent mixture which when placed in handfuls at the base of royal and cinnamn ferns, kills these with little injury fer kills these wh le jy to adjacent cranberry vines. The salt takes up moisture from the air dissolvin itself and the iron r dissolving tself sulphate making the mixture ef- fective independent of the weather. Salt alone can be used, but requires much more care to prevent burning the nearby cranberry vines. Iron sulphate can be used effectively as a solution, one pound to one gallon of water, twenty gallons per square rod to kill asters, (chiefly Aster spectabilis Ait) and cause little or no damage to cranberry plants. The experiments showing these re- suits were set out in June. Dry iron sulphate scattered at thirty pounds per square rod also killed all asters when applied in August a test which showed no injury to crop or vines. Three-seeded mercury (Acalypha virginica L.,) can be killed by applying iron sulphate at fifteen pounds per square rod while weeds and vines are still wet with dew. Most recently, dry iron sulphate has been used with success on wild sweet potato (Apios tuberosa Moench). The one, known, successful plot was set out in June, 1939, on newly sanded vines which strangely enough were bearing a sizeable crop. In August the wild sizeable crop. In August the wild sweet potato plants had all died down and none could be found alive, and the underground "potatoes" and the underground "potatoes" were black, soft and rotten. Apparently there was no injury to the vines or the crop of berries they were bearing. pProbably at least thirty pounds per square rod were used, but exact knowledge of effec used, but exact knowledge of effec tive quantities will not be known until the growing season of 1940 until the growing season of 1940 when plots already treated will show the percentage kill of various show the percentage kill of various doses of iron sulphate. (To be continued) Are You Aware (Continued from Page 3) while ome give Persia credit as the country where the muskmelon was first raised the concensus of opinion is that the melon originated in Southern Asia in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains where they still grow in a wild state ... THAT New York state potato growers report the cost of growing, harvesting and marketing an acre is nearly $100 and that the yields there averaged 232 bushels to the acre, giving an average cost of 42 cents a bushel .... THAT it is scientifically stated that dried peas, dried beans and lentils furnish a great amount of proteins, and that (Continued on-Page 12) Nine on the other hand, has many tiny seeds so soft that they are scarcely noticed when the berries are eaten. The fruits of certain of the blueberry varieties native to Washington are gathered each fall and sold to the fresh market and to the The blueberry varieties native to Washington which produce most of the commercial pack are as follows: Vaccinium ovatum Pursh; Vaccinum acropylum (Hook) Piper; Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith; Vaccinium deliciosum Piper. The berries from these species are all marketed as huckleberries, and, owing to the general use of the word huckleberry to designate the native or wild blueberry, they will probably retain that name. The name blueberry will therefore serve name blueberry will therefore serve designate the cultivated varieties DDV~ ~THE BLUEBDII D \A/ERR kkU~lk~U~~~~~~~~i,~ ~~t s~ ______ Acanneries. Observations and Experiments With Blueberries In Western Washington by D. J. Crowley Director, Washington Cranberry and Blueberry Experiment Station The cultivation of blueberries is one of the youngest horticultural industries of western Washington. Nevertheless, the industry is at- tracting much attention and its rapid development in the near fu- ture very probably will e in the sections where the right combina- sectios we te rh tion of soil and moisture conditions are found The Cultivated Blueberry Only two species of blueberries have been placed in cultivation commercially, namely, Vaccinium corymbosum and Vaccinium virga- tur. The latter is a native of the southern states and is cultivated chiefly in Florida. Through the courtesy of Dr. G. M. Darrow of the United States Department of Agri- culture a few plants of this species were obtained in 1931 for testing in the blueberry experimental plot of the Cranberry Laboratory at Long Beach, Washington. These plants appear to be hardy under assembled a large number of blue- berry plants that produced berries of unusual size. This collection formed the foundation stock for most of the present commercial va- rieties. Important Species Native to Neverteless hendusryito designate the cultivated varieties Washington only. Several species of wild blue- erries are native to western Wash- ington. They are commonly, though incorrectly, called huckleberries. norrel ledries i huckleber i No truefistedhuckleberries are e the flora of Washington. The true huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata C. Koch) has 10 rather large seeds, which detract from the eating quality of the berry. The blueberry, The first planting of cultivated blueberries in western Washington was made in 1917 by Henry C. an wit lan r from r ane, with plants secured irom Dr. Coville. While the plants in this plot were not named varieties, they attracted much attention because of their high productivity and freedom from pests. (Continued on Page 12) McCornick Insecticides for Control of Cranberry Insects CRANBERRY DUST NO. 1: A standardized insecticidal dust combining pure pyrethrum extract and other insecfactors with a special carrier. It is ground into extremely fine particles so it can be used as a dust, or with water to make a spray or a wash. Leaves no poisonous residue. no residue. PYRETHRUM POWDER: Finest ground powder of its kind in the world. Contains more killing particles per ounce. More effective and economical because it comes into more intimate contact with vital parts of the insect's body. CO MIC ALE BA IMO , MD. Standardized Liquid and Dust Pyrethrum and Derris Insecticides .ticidal conitionbeh Washington conditions but whether they will prove to be of economic pashingts o uter they towil o beproveecombined importance in Washington remains to be determined. When cultivated blueberries are mentioned, however, it is generally assumed that the species being dis- cussed is the eastern, cultivated blueberry known scientifically as Vaccinium corymbosum. The history of this species as a cultivated plant dates back to 1909 when Co- ville started his experiments and outlined fundamentals for blue- berry culture. Much of his work was done at Whitesbog, New Jersey, where Elizabeth C. White had Ten Flooding and Irrigation idual bog if he is to get the mA out of it. (Continued from Page 2) Conclusion TABLE 1. The Average Effect of Height of Water Table on Growth of Cranberries Average Water Table 2.0 5.0 8.3 10.9 13.0 --— --- Annual Growth in Inches 2.35 2.54 2.86 2.91 3.05 Tips per Sq. Foot 347 386 412 422 397 Yield in lbs. per sq. rd 35.2 42.5 47.9 50.2 48.2 TABLE 2. Average Annual Crop on Plots With Water Table at Different Depths 1924-1927 There are three practices that are three practices that are often overlooked in New Jersey; the value of early drawing of the winter flood, the need of moisture in peat bogs and the necessity of more drainage on well sanded bogs. To this may be added the caution that early drawing will in- crease insect, disease and frost troubles; changing the water table practice too rapidly might cause injury; and well sanded bogs need injury; and well sdraianded bogs need much deeper drainage than peat bogs. Water Table groups (inches) Average Water of each group (inches) 1924 1925 ====================================== Average Yield of Berries 0-3" 3-6" 6-9" 9-12" 12-15" A Pioneer Cranberry GrowerGrower Table 2.0" 5.0" 8.3" 10.9" 13.0" (Continued from Page 6) some 200 yards distant. The lower lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lake known as Hinckley's or Pleasant Lake, was two feet lower than 58.8 55.7 68.8 73.9 70.3 Seymour's. Captain Cahoon had ^ _____________-o~--,___ noticed considerable seepage of 16.7 20.6 19.2 25.3 24.8 water order between to lower the two ponds. In Seymour's, it was 1926 49.8 62.Q 73.4 74.2 74.1 necessary to dig a ditch five feet 8 _ ^wide, running through hills nearly 1927 —30 15.8 Average 1924-1927 35.2 A note made at the time was to the efect that the crop on the high water table plots did not keep well. In fact, the fruit was over half soft and somewhat mushy at packing time. The above data apply to unsanded bogs only. There the entire root growth is in a thin layer at the surface which must be kept moist. Even when the soil is saturated, the roots get some air probably by floating on the surface of the wa- ter. One quarter inch of sand ap- plied to an old bog would not change this situation but a two-inch layer would. Very serious injury is caused by allowing a mud or peat bog to be- come too dry during June, July or August. Cases are common where the water is as low as two feet below the surface during a dry per- iod. On the other hand, the water table is often at the surface during 26.9 30.3 27.5 23.4 42.5 47.9 50.2 48.2 a wet period. Most growers will be surprised if they cut a hole two feet deep in their bog and watch how the water table changes during the season. A very definite effort should be made to keep the water table constant and about 10 inches below the surface. Many have noted how the peat dries hard and cracks at the sur- face during the dry periods. This makes a poor environment for the tender cranberry roots that must get nutrients there for the plants. Too often, growers have copied on their peat bogs the excellent drain- age systems in sanded bogs and have found that the cranberry vines die. Sanded bogs need a much lower water table than peat bogs. It is a common mistake not to change the water table materially upon sand- ing heavily. The growing of cran- berries on well sanded bogs needs study by the grower on the indiv- feet high. It was a gigantic undertaking. With wheel barrows and very little help, Captain Ca hoon started, with the aid of his small sons and one or two hired workmen. The late Captain Benjamin G. Cahoon then 14 years of age, a son of Alvin helped dig the stream. Neighbors discouraged the Captain and his helpers. Begun in the fall of 1852, however, the small gang worked diligently, and in April of the following year the canal was finished. The completion on April 1 was the occasion for a big celebration. Residents of towns and villages nearby were present. They celebrated by blowing horns and ringing bells. Though Captain Cahoon had sought the aid of neighbors to pay their share of the dig- gin, everyone flatly refused, saying it would be a failure and waste of money and time. Upon seeing that the pond could be considerably lowered, however, they reimbursed the aged captain liberally, and admitted he had done the trick. Water in Seymour's settled rapidly, and in three weeks the pond Eleven was two feet lower. Hinckley's, Blueberry Varieties feet tall and bears a good crop, but having a natural outlet to the (Continued from Page 10) in the strictly coastal areas its ocean in West Harwich-the so-Blueberry Varieties berries rarely ripen before the called "Herring River"-was little twentieth of August. Farther ineffectedby the surplus. After this Most of the named varieties of land from the ocean where the date other bogs were built along blueberries now grown commer-summer temperatures are higher, the shore of the pond. cially are either selections from the it is quite possible that this and Among the present owners of wild plants assembled atWhites-some of the other varieties not in- bog, New Jersey, or hybrids made eluded in our list may prove de- bog on or near the shore of theelddn m our y pod areJ. Burleigh Atkins, l from selected plants by Coville. The sirale. pond are J. Burleigh Atkins, Cal-varieties are vin Eldredge, Archilus Cahoon, principal named varieties are n E d,A CAh Adams, Cabot, Dunfee, Green-Are You Aware Robert H. Cahoon, Mrs. D. A. Adams, Cabot, Dufee, Gree-Are Aware field, Grover, Harding, Jersey, Clark. Bogs on other ponds in the r i (Continued from Page 9) area, famous for its beautiful lakes June, Katharine, Pioneer, Ran--when they are on the menu, meat coccas, Rubel, Sam, Stanley, and in a summer resort area, are own-el, Sam ale a is not necessary with that meal ed by Makepeace Brothers, Free-ammell. . . THAT golden bantam corn All these varieties are now grow- man Adams, and others. Among the eberr exerhas been, and is, the most famous early growers were the late Joseph t hybrid sweet corn and still is the N. Atkins, Emulous A. Cahoon, ' standard of perfection in quality and most of them have been under Joseph W. Crowell, James F. Ca-s t f s s. As . THAT the United States in hoon. The bogs planted nearly a observation for several years. As area and in people makes up about century ago are still producing for previously stated, all these varieties six and one-half percent of the are prolific but certain of them the most part. ae proi bt world, yet it produces sixty-two have proved to be better adapted to There has been some controversy ci ic c ii percent of the annual oil produc local climatic conditions than as to the promoter of the canal en-th I selectn variet b tion of the world, owns 68 percent others. In selecting varieties best terprise, but the late Captain "B. t c i a g of the automobiles, has 20,000,000 ^» 1.1,1 .-• f^ ^ adapted to conditions in a large ^ -n ^ nT • G." of Marshfield insisted, and of the world's 41,000,000 tele . part of western Washington, it was could prove, he said, that his fath- part of wester phones more than half of the col'. . h e s hnecessary to eliminate those that phones, more than half of the er took sole responsibility. After . .world's cotton production, 20 per- do not ripen their fruits in an aver- 5 school nights Captain "B. G." de-season before August 15. Va-cent of the world's 5,000,000,000 clares he rolled sand until his age season before 15. Va- bushels of wheat, four out of every rieties that do not ripen before the hands were blistered. Mornings his middle of August encounter a cer-t n boxes of oranges are packed father urged him to help a little. i competition from here and there are more students At the mouth of the canalhe trehe wildblueberries which come to colleges and universities than was a thick maple swamp, and the the maket about that time in the rest of the world put to- bog has always been known as the For those areas of western geher .... THAT half the land "Maple Swamp", although it was Washington such as Pacific and in the United States has been cleared and converted into bog. The c a damaged by erosion, and is costing late Joseph N. Atkins owned part Gras Hrbr cuties, ad ee-farmers at least $400,000,000 a wvhere where the summers are com-farmers at least $400,000,000 a of the property for years. It is now paatively cool, the varieties best year in the removal of soil fertility owned by Calvin Eldredge, a prom-ss alone? . ~~~~inentgrower. adapted to the growing season areinent grower. Cabot, Harding, Katharine, Pioneer, To raise cranberries successfully, Cra ' H r ii Sam, Rancoccas, Rubel, and Scam- H. Harriman good drainage is considered nec-Sam, Rancoccas, Rubel, and Scliam essary. Had Seymour's not beenr mell. Crop production records for Center St., North Carver, Mass. loweredconsiderably, it would the last three years indicate that Center St., North Carver, Mass. lowered it would have been impossible to build alonga.the average yield of each of these Real Estator have been e varieties is nearly the same. Specializing Purchase and impo to bd in the its shores. The June variety later probably Sale of Cranberry Properties qA_.. .. will be included with the recommended list as it is one of the earli- FOR YOUR FRIENDS est of the high bush varieties. It S L 0 has not, however, been sufficiently Who think cranberrying is a tested under local conditions to jus-R g S one-week a year business I will tify ts inclusion at present. TheSystem mail as you direct six Greenfield variety is the earliest of heads water cranberries CRANBERRY ALMANACS all the named varieties. Under local and protect from frost, address in the retun conditions, however, it is an uncer with your address in the return ' . withe fr ^ your producer. Its chief defect is its Dolrtain corner for Three Dollars. habit of blossoming in September Skinner System RUSSELL A. TRUFANT or October, after the fall rains of Irrigation start. Middleboro, Mass. 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