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Massachusetts New Jersey Wisconsin Oregon Washington C A Canada THE NATIONAL CRANBERRY MAGAZINE ~~~~~~n~~ W 45^^1 MAY 1975 GEORALD POITERl-~lli ROUTE 2 ^•-''lli . DIRCTORY for cranbierry urowers EQUIPMENT hand •j-capped HAYDEN -SEPARATOR (han' de kapt'), adj. WAREHAM, MASS. Irrigation Systems 1. able 2.dependable PUMPS SEPARATORS -BLOWERS . energeti 4eeagerSCREENHOUSE EQUIPMENT workers DARLINGTON »PICKING MACHINES ______» The President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped Washington, D.C. 20210 _________________________________ IThe CHARLES W.HARRIS The National Bank of Wareham OComptAenuey Conveniently located for Cranberry Men North Dighton, Mass. Phone 824-5607 AMES Irrigation Systems FUNDS ALWAYS AVAILABLE FOR SOUND LOANS R BIRD Sprinklers HALE-MARLOW COMPLETE BANKING SERVICE Pumps Highest Quality Products Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation' with Satisfaction Guaranteed CRANBERRIES THE NA TIONA L CRA NBERR Y MA GA ZINE -Our 39th Year of Publication- IssueofMay 1975 Volume 40 -No. 1 1. S. Cobb ... publisher J. B. Presler ... editor Office: R-55 Summer Street, King- ston, Massachusetts 02364, Post Office Box J. Telephone (617) 585-6561. All correspondence and advertising should be sent to Box J, Kingston. ADVISORS -CORRESPONDENTS Nova Scotia 1. V. HALL Botanist, Research Station Botanist, Research Station Kentville, Nova Scotia * Massachusetts DR. CHESTER E. CROSS Director, Mass. Cranberry Experiment Station IRVING DeMORANVILLE Extension Cranberry Specialist Mass. Cranberry Experiment Station * New Jersey PHILIP E. MARUCCI Research Professor in Entomology Extension Specialist in Cranberries and Blueberries Official Cooperative Weather Bureau Observer * Washington AZMI Y. SHAWA Associate Horticulturist and Extension Agent in Horticulture Long Beach, Washington * Wisconsin VERNON GOLDSWORTHY Eagle River, Wisconsin —________- CRANBERRIES is published once a month by Pilgrim Publishers at R-55 Summer Street (P.O. Box J) Kingston, Massachusetts. Second Class postage paid at Plymouth, Massachusetts Post Office. Price is 50¢ per copy, $5.00 a year in U.S., $6.00 in Canada; all other coun- tries $8.00 a year. Foreign remittances must equal U.S. funds. Copyright 1975 by Pilgrim Publishers L N NEW JERSEY Last month was the coldest April in the forty-five year weather recording history at the Cranberry and Blueberry Laboratory in New Lisbon. The average temperature was 46.7 degrees, which is -4.8 degrees lower than normal and 6.3 degrees colder than April of last year. The previous record lows for April were 47.2 in 1966 and 47.5 in 1940. Two daily record lows were established. The 24 degree mini- mum on the 14th and the 26 degree on the 22nd displaced the previous records set in 1940 and 1953. Another unusual feature of the month was the period of four days from the 4th through the 7th when maximum temperatures remained in the low forties and minimums in the twenties. For short term severe April weather, this was exceeded only by the six successive days of maximum temperatures in the forties from the 7th through the 12th in 1935. Rainfall occurred on seven days and the total for the month was 3.58 inches. This is 0.21 inch above normal. For the first four months of the year the accumulated pre- cipitation is 14.69 or 1.40 above normal. As of May first the winter flood has been withdrawn on only about 400 to 500 of New Jersey's 3,100 acres of cranberry bogs. Most growers await the traditional May 10th date before removing the water from their bogs. The cool wet season has held back normal growth of blueberries. As of May first, the season was about ten to twelve days behind normal. On this date there was only a scattering of open blossoms in early varieties in the The mild winter Precipitation was favorable and as a result there is an extremely heavy bud set on all varieties. W3 WISCONSIN Temperatures were unseasonably cold in the first half of April, averaging 7 to 15 degrees below normal. Because of the cold temperatures, precipitation has been mainly confined to snow. The southeast had about an inch of precipitation water equivalent from the snowstorm of April 1-2. Other southern areas had about a half inch water equivalent from that storm. Northern and central areas have had little or no precipitation in the first half of April. The west and southwest had just under a half inch from snow on April 9th. High temperatures in the first week of April were in the 30's except for some 40's in the south on the 4th and 6th. Temperatures finally rose into the 50's orf the 12th and 13th under the influence of sunshine and a declining snow cover. The last two weeks of April featured a typical variety of spring weather with variable temperatures. Severe thunderstorms brought scattered hail and heavy rain in western and southern areas on the 17th and 18th. Showers and thunderstorms occurred on the 22-23, with heaviest amounts in the west and north. Very heavy rains fell in the state on the 27th and continued into the 28th. A WAASHINGTON The 5th National Cold Protection Workshop sponsored by ASHS Committee on Meterology and Climatology was held in Yakima April 8-10. The meeting, which Azmi Shawa attended, brought together meterologists and horticul tursts from deciduous and citrus fruit growing areas. total for April was 3.33 inches bringing the year total 3.33 inches, bringing the year total Continued on page 20 Winterkill Digs Lake's Graves Madison, Wis.-When, and if, the ice finally leaves the lakes up in the northlands of Wisconsin, there just may be a lot of Cranberry Lakes around. Cranberry is a shallow 512 acre lake in Price County that went into the winter with a full complement of northern pike, perch, crappies, bluegills and large-mouth bass. Cranberry Lake is now a shallow 512 acre grave. Almost all the fish are dead now, according to the best of estimates, as a result of the late winter snowstorms that pelted the north- western section of Wisconsin. When the weather warmed and some of the ice melted, the evidence was there. Thousands of fish, belly up. Cranberry Lake is new to a lot of people because until a year ago it had no public access. It was a reservoir for a cranberry company and it was fished by only a few people. Then the Department of Natural Resources built a road to the lake and constructed a launching ramp. Just when folks were beginning to fish the lake, it died. Many people thought that the cranberry company accidentally dumped some fish killing chemicals into the lake and killed the fish. "No, it was a normal winterkill, as far as we can determine," said Bill Threinen, head of the inland fisheries department for the DNR at Madison. "It was a very severe winterkill caused by the late snow- falls." 0- II' 1'<^^ L4—-^^^ been affected and how bad the kill ^^^ C^^^^, ^ /^ flhas been until the ice leaves, however. JIM'S JOB SHOP For Sale ~~~RIDE-ON WATER WHEEL HYDRAULIC HOSE WHEEL-OFF RIG Slash downtime to an absolute minimum with custom-cut hydraulic hose from our parts de-FLUME WORK partment. We can furnish a no-leak hose of any <nrn-RA___ ^^B^Si^^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AA1i__ ____A______ length-and we can make it in one piece up to umPUMP ENGINE WORK ~~~rii WPM= 0^_^ Y^severe ^*^' Other people thought that the winterkill was caused by a drawdown of the lake in January. Jerry Beaver of the DNR at Park Falls said he had heard of a drawdown, but DNR checks through the winter lvs . He s t dissolved oxygen ne of the dlaed ixygen February and was found to be low, b n t l t st f l Te late snowfall prevented sun lt snom prevente sunlight from penetrating the thick ice cover, he said, and the decaying veg eta dissolved oxygen coniengt The DNR is now formulatingplans to restock the lake to replace t thousands of fish that were ed Northern pike and bass fry, for example, will be stocked as soon as possible. ~~~~~~~~Itwill be some time, though, before the lake is restored to the fishery it once was. According to Threinen, there •may be many other lakes with winterkill this past winter. It won't be known which lakes have 60 feet long. We have both one-wire braid and E~ two-wire braid hose and a complete line of cusom-ut Soruthc Eastfon, MascusetatsdeUFUEWR couplings and adapters. Try our quick service.MAHNR ~partmet We. f ny H EASTON INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT CORP. 785 Washington Street -M3-02ANC51 orqikservice . coupling 238111 TrSalesrs Easton, MassachusetMtddebos, ^1^ South -®CUSTOM BUILT 617-947-1869lakhoe BOG SANDERS hmasIStree Mss.•234 A cranberry that doesn't slow ripening! The trouble with some cranberry fungicides is that while they may control fruit rot, they reduce color development. Not ORTHO DIFOLATAN® 4 Flowable. What's more, this efficient fungicide clings tightly, resists washing off. Rain actually prolongs protection be-cause it helps distribute DIFOLATAN to new growth. It provides top flight protection against fruit rot, even when conditions favor disease development. DIFOLATAN can be mixed with most com monly used insecticides to save you time when spraying, but don't combine it with highly alkaline materials. DIFOLATAN is easy to handle. It stays in suspension with minimum agitation and there are no particles to clog the nozzle. Apply DIFOLATAN at 10 to 14 i: day intervals. Avoid Accidents: For safety, read the entire label including cautions. Use allchemicals only as directed. Chevron Chevron Chemical Company TM'S: ORTHO, CHEVRON AND DESIGN,- DIFOLATAN -REG. U.S. PAT. OFF. I^»»»™^™»^™».™* i JOHN E. WAARA Wallace, a grandson, Carl, and a brother Matt, all of Grayland; a o101 ,6ils y John E. Waara, 76, sister, Joseph (Emma) \i^ a long-time Mrs. Sund- Grayland, Washington resident, strom of Sweden. died recently at a local hospital * following a brief illness. CHARLEY W.ANDERSEN He was born in Matojaruy, WANTED Sweden, Jan. 23, 1899. He came to Charley W. Andersen, 66, of R. the United States in 1916 and later CRANBERRY HARVEST 2, Warrens, Wisconsin, died March 3 to Grayland from Hancock, Mich. in a La Crosse hospital. He married his wife, Anna, July 19, He was born Sept. 23, 1908 to 1923, in Seattle. Mr. and Mrs. Anton Andersen in He had been a cranberry grower DECAS CRANBERRY CO. the Township of Lincoln, Monroe from 1927 until his retirement in County, and married Celia Noth 1966. He was a life member of the WAREHAM, MASS. Oct. 4, 1936. He had been a Aberdeen Eagles and was on the cranberry grower in the Warrens board of directors of Ocean Spray 617-295-0147 area for many years. Cranberry Growers. · _,_,_........... He was a Lincoln Township From 1943 to 1945 he was the supervisor and a trustee of St. assistant to the county extension Farm CreditService Matthew's Evangelical Lutheran agent and on the advisory board of Church board. the Grayland Cranberry Associa-Box 7, Taunton, Mass. 02781 Survivors are his widow; a son, tion. He was also on the local Tel.617-824-7578 Harold A., of Warrens; a daughter, Drainage Commission. 0 Mrs. Christopher (Karen) Scott of In 1961 he was named the PRODUCTION CREDIT LOANS Chicago, Ill.; four grandchildren; Aberdeen Junior Chamber of Comtwo brothers, Christian of Racine merce Conservation Farmer of the LANDBANKMORTGAGES and Alfred of Princeton; and a Year. sister, Mrs. Anna Burdick of Ra-Besides his wife at the family Office-on Route 44 cmine. home, he is survived by a son, 1/4 Mile West of Rt. 24 1IAMOST COMPLETE INVENTORY OFi __ ""_—^~ NGINEERING&IRRIGATION,INC.— 7 < --^w Z 11 LARCHMONT AVENUE, LEXINGTON, MASS. (617) 862-2550 /// IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT DESIGNED ESPECIALLY FOR THE CRANBERRY INDUSTRY FOR EXAMPLE: Gorman-Rupp Self PrimingElectric SprinklerPumps Proven Quick Couple Riser Ingersoll-Rand Water Harvest Pumps Aluminum Insert Coupling For4"Poly Pipe Contact: Contact: PlLarchmont Engineering Bill Stearns, Plymouth, Mass. Phil Tropeano, Lexington, Mass. 746-6048 Ye. ."^~_ w~_: 1.. ....... PRODUCITION Let us turn from consideration of pesticides and their role in protecting human health to what has been called the world's greatest current and future problem-that of feeding, clothing and sheltering people. Our largely urban popula- tion in America must realize on reflection that fruits, vegetables, meats and dairy products all come ultimately from growing plants. Fewer of them realize their depend- ence on green plants for their clothing and still fewer that lumber, boards and timbers for house con- struction, all come from growing trees and forests. Early in this century nearly half of the American work force was engaged in food and fiber production; today less than 5 per cent is so employed, and herein lies one of the great problems of American food and fiber produc- tion-the lack of knowledge and understanding by the great majority of urban Americans of the prob- lems of farmers and foresters. F'ORFAHIJNGRl!IWOLD by DR. CHESTER CROSS and DR. ROBERT DEVLIN One of the sobering facts of twentieth century America is this reduction of food and fiber produc- tion workers from 50 to 5 per cent of the total. During the last several decades this had meant the steady loss of about.100,000 U.S. farmers each year. We say "sobering." Clearly it means that year in and year out (and despite many govern- ment programs designed to be helpful) farmers have had increasing difficulty making their long work week yield a decent living for themselves and their families. We do not have a solution to this growing problem, but in view of the above, it is clear that food prices paid to the farmer have not been high enough to keep many of them in business. It may come as a shock to most readers to be told of the amazing achievements in food production during the past half-century. Com- modity after commodity has shown a sharply increased productivity per acre. In cranberries we have gone from an average crop of 20 barrels per acre in 1910 to 96 barrels per acre in 1971. These figures are the average for the crop produced in the Bay State. Corn used to yield about 25 bushels per acre in the U.S. corn belt in World War I times, but to stay in business today the mid-West farmer must produce 100 bushels per acre. Throughout the food production industry a quadrupling of productivity per acre can generally be observed. This stupendous achievement has many consequences. First of all, it meant we could feed a population that had more than doubled in size without increasing the area under cultivation. For good or bad, this made land available for housing, for interstate highway systems and for conservation or wilderness use that would otherwise have been needed for food and fiber produc- Continued on next page tion. Secondly, this increasing productivity per acre meant that farmers could sell units of their produce for less because of larger volume. Difficult as it may be for the American to realize it his food costs him on average less than one-fifth of his after-tax income (and this includes the cost of his restaurant and hotel dining). No other people in the world can boast that such a small percentage of expendable income goes for food. in England and western Europe it takes 25 to 35 per cent of expendable income to buy food, and in the U.S.S.R. and its satellites the percentage rises toward and beyond 50. This great achievement in the efficiency of American food production was reached through many technologic improvements. We have learned to replace the plant nutri ents lost in the raising of each crop so that soils remain fertile and productive. In cranberries and many other crops we have curtailed frost losses with sprinkler systems which in replacing flood frost controls have conserved enormous quantities of water. But probably the greatest curtailment of losses has come from the discovery of controls for crop-plant diseases, weeds, insect pests, mites, etc. The authors of this article can recall the devastation of a crop by insect hordes when there were no controls available. In recent years we have seen vast acreages of forests defoliated by gypsy moths and tussock moths. When this occurs in mid- growing season wild-life disappears because food supply and shelter has gone with thegonefoliage.ith Though hardwood trees usually survive such defoliation for a year or more, their growth is severely limited and their resistance to disease so reduced they become vulnerable to the attack of fungus pathogens. The damage caused by defoliating pests on pine, fir and spruce forests is more deadly because evergreens frequently die as a result of a single defoliation. Contrary to many stories in the public press, energetic efforts have Jar containing anopheline and culicine larvae which DDT controls Dealing EXCLUSIVELY in Massachusetts cranberry acreage and upland. Listings y of buyers and sellers welcomed. Tel. 888-1288 Tel. 888-1288 CRANBERRY ACREAGE AVAILABLE IN THE TOWNS OF MIDDLEBORO, ROCHESTER, WAREHAM & CARVER DOUGLAS R. BEATON E. Sandwich, Mass. 02537 Mass Real Estate Brokers License #73365 been made by public-service scien- tists to control forest and agricul- tural pests by importing pest para- sites and predators from around the world. The English or (House) sparrow and the starling were brought here decades ago to eat up the gypsy moth caterpillars. Unfor- tunately, these birds found other and more delectable supplies of food, failed to exert any control on the gypsy moth and freely multi- plied until they had taken over the nesting sites of many native song birds and finally became insuffer- able pests themselves because of their millions. Of the hundreds of pest parasites brought into the U.S.A., reared in large numbers and released into the environment, many failed to survive in our climate and only a few effected measurable control on the target pests. It is for this reason that while life history studies go forward on both pests and pest parasites that pesticides continue to be used as registered and approved, and alternative pesticides continue to be studied. These same pesticides are largely responsible for the abundance and quality of American food. Agricul- tural scientists are continuing their efforts to reduce the share of each crop destroyed by pests. In recent years, great efforts have been made to avoid undesirable side-effects of pesticide usage; and because we know more about our own efforts in cranberries, we write of these while knowing that similar efforts go forward in other crops. Wherever possible cranberry growers close the drainage flumes of their bogs prior to pesticide application to prevent the escape of toxic residues downstream with the drainage water. This impoundment allows the time necessary for the breakdown of short-lived carbamate and organo-phosphorus pesticides. In past years this same technique proved efficacious in providing time for the adhesion of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to organic matter and soil particles almost completely fixing them in the site of their essential use and preventing their migration away from the bog. Thus dieldrin was used in a cran- berry bog only once in five years giving excellent control of three species of destructive cranberry root-grubs while at the same time dieldrin residues in estuarine waters and silts below the bogs remained so low that their levels were indistinguishable from waters and silts in estuaries not receiving cran- berry bog drainage. Most insecticide and fungicide applications in Massachusetts cran- berries are made at dusk through solid-set sprinkler systems. While it is still daylight the sprinklers are tested with clean water to be sure all heads are turning and no leaks are present. Then as darkness comes, and as daytime winds be- come calm (a necessary feature for circular sprinkler patterns and even distribution) the grower meters his pesticide into the pump in 15 or 20 minutes, rinses with clean water to clear his system and shuts down. At dusk the pollinating bees are back at their hives and birds are at roost in the surrounding forest. If the grower has used an organo-phos- phorus insecticide it has broken down to inoccuous levels by the morning when returning bees and birds find nothing remaining that is toxic to them. Cranberry growers know that their 40 to 50 million flowers per acre must be visited by bees to convert by pollination their flowers into berries. They regularly hire hives of bees at considerable cost to insure this vital pollination. They would be the last to do anything that would kill off these bees and destroy the relationship with their beekeeper. Finally, it needs to be pointed out that farmers use pesticides that are approved and registered for use by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Further, he knows that his produce will be tested enroute to market by the Food and Drug Administration (an agency of EPA). If illegal residues are found his entire crop may be confiscated and destroyed without compensa- tion. The farmer knows this and he also knows that by following label instructions he can avoid such residues. It is sometimes forgotten that the farmer and his family are often the first consumers of his crop; he is unlikely to misuse pesticides that would poison either. In cranberries (and we are sure other crops are doing likewise) we have developed a means of examining the cranberry bog to determine not only the presence of an insect pest but the number and dispersal of the pest infestation. Cranberry growers have learned to use an insecticide only when a sizeable part of the crop is threatened. In this way treatments are reduced to a minimum, costs reduced, parasites are encouraged to contribute a measure of control, environmental burdens kept at minimal levels, and developments of a tolerance by the pest to the pesticide is retarded. EXCERPTS FROM "8 SURPRISES" y Dr. JohnJ. McKetta DDT and other chlorinated com pounds are supposedly endangering human lives and eliminating some bird species by thinning the shells of their eggs. There is a big question as to whether this is true. Even if true, it's quite possible that the desirable properties of DDT so greatly outnumber the undesirable that it might prove a serious mis take to ban this remarkable chem ical. Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, the Nobel Peace Prize winner, is op posed to the banning of DDT. He won the Nobel prize because he was able to develop a new strain of wheat that can double the food production per acre anywhere in the world that it is grown. Dr. Borlaug has said, "If DDT is banned by the United States, I have wasted my life's work. I have dedicated myself to finding better methods of feeding the world's starving popula tion. Without DDT and other important agricultural chemicals, our goals are simply unattainable." Continuedon Page 2 on Page 20 7Continued most recently on June 5, 1973. Both ofthesebasic lawsrequire West Germans Enforce trict Pesticide Control Laws By THOMAS B. O'CONNELL Assistant U.S. AgriculturalAttache U.S. Mission tb the EuropeanCommunity Brussels g~~~~~~~Br~~usset~~l~~s ~of the consent of the Federal Assembly and the Federal Council. Most ordinances, however, since they provide authorization for implementing programs, require the consent of only the Federal Coun cil. Thus, in the last analysis, food legislation depends on the consent legislation depends on the consent a political body. Establishing tolerances. The first step involved in placing a pesticide- including an imported pro duct-on the German market is to apply to the Federal Biological Institute. Applications may be made by the producer the owner of the firm intending to market the substance, or by the importer. According to the Plant Protection Law, an application must include at least the following: Name and address of applicant name of substance, composition of substance (scientific nomenclature) uses ant hazards, instructions for use, intended labeling of packages, nature of packag ing materials, and other pertinent documentation. The applicant must also provide the Institute with at least a 2-pound sample of the compound for chemical and physical tests plus addi for carrying out biological investiga tions in the field. addition the Biological Insti- In a t the lical nti tute requests that the anlicant formatio aform wity, inclu her act oral rmal an inli m etal dosas deteined a le the rat da r on at est t a 0-day chronic ar feeding tests using the rat and the dog. requested on fire azar e ieo f ire haz ; flh point; melting point; boiling point and persis- West Germans traditionally have been concerned with food purity-a concern that is reflected in strict legislation regarding pesticide use and permitted levels of pesticide residues in food. These regulations have a spillover effect on food imports into West Germany-the world's largest importer of agricul- tural products, estimated at about $12 billion in 1974. While advocates of "pure foods" are found throughout the world, they seem to be more numerous in West Germany than in many other countries. Such foods are generally considered to be those produced without chemical fertilizers, pesti- cides, or food additives. In the United States, they are called organic or natural foods. Not all of West Germany's organic food users, however, are aware of the country's rigid pesti- cide regulations, which aim at balancing consumer health safety with good farming practices. Con- cern is growing that German con- sumers are paying more for alleg- edly organic foods that are neither safer nor more wholesome than foods of better quality produced more efficiently with pesticides and fertilizers. West. Germany has one of Europe's longest histories of regu- lating farm chemical use through legislation. Two basic laws-the Plant Protection Law and the Food Law-provide authority for legisla- tion governing agricultural chemi- cals. Both are general laws, under which a number of implementing ordinances are issued. The first, the Plant Protection Law of May 10, 1969, relates mainly to the production and application of agricultural chemi- cals, and is under the authority of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture. Among other things, the law dele- gates responsibility to the German states for enforcing various ordin- ances, such as that setting residue tolerances, and presents enforce- ment guidelines. Another ordinance under the Law is concerned with testing and registering plant rot protection mater-of ials. Under this ordinance, detailed guidelines are set forth for register- ing plant protection materials such as insecticides, fungicides, and plant growth regulators. Responsibility for carrying out the provisions of the ordinance rests largely with the Federal Biolo- gical Institute, a semiautonomous Federal agency, reporting to the Federal Minister of Agriculture. The Institute's main office and laboratories are in Braunschweig. The second basic law is the Food Law of January 17, 1936, as amended. As with all other matters having to do with residues in foods, responsibility rests withthe Federal Ministry of Youth, Family, and Health. The Food Law provides the legislative authority for establishing pesticide residue tolerances.is The Ministry of Youth, Family, and Health drafts residue tolerance ordinances in consultation with such other Minstries asAgricultureoducts, and economics and Finance, as well erth, and water of origial sub- stance, degradation products, and as with food industry representa-odstu reaction products-in foodstuffs tives and producer and consumer p ucts-n groups. Tolerances are published in the Residue Tolerance Ordinance Further, applicants must specify for Plant Protection Materials, target organisms and host plants; which is periodically modified, application rates; delay between applications and between last appli- cation and harvest; disposal; equip- ment cleanup; possible dangers to neighboring crops, warehouse per- sonnel, field workers, and bees; efficacy for specific uses; and analytical methods for the deter- mination of residues. The Biological Institute must provide the applicant with a report on the status of its work within 3 months following receipt of the application. Before final authoriza- tion, the Biological Institute must provide its own results on at least six categories of tests, including: Chemical composition, efficacy for intended uses, possible hazards to plants and plant products, effects on human and animal health, and persistence in earth and water. After these tests are completed, an Export Committee meets to render an opinion on a pesticide chemical before it is authorized for marketing. This Committee is composed of 30 members appointed by the Federal Council. Members are drawn from the Biological Institute, the Federal Health Office, and the State Plant Protection Services. As appropriate, additional repre- sentatives may be designated from universities, analytical institutes, and from among Federal and State officials. Other experts, not mem- bers of the Committee, may also be asked to appear at the meetings. Once authorization has been granted, it is valid for a period of 10 years and is renewable. Having successfully completed procedures necessary for authoriza- tion by the Biological Institute, samples of the compound, along with copies of all the data devel- oped to this point, are forwarded to the Federal Office of Health (an arm of the Ministry of Public Health) located in Berlin. At this agency, toxicological data in particular are examined and further tests carried out as neces- sary. Data are then reviewed and compared with similar data from other agencies and with acceptable daily intake (ADI) recommenda- tions from the World Health Organ- ization. All findings are then considered in the light of good agricultural practices and good manufacturing practices and used as the basis for a recommended residue tolerance and forwarded to the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family, and Health in Bonn. This Ministry consults with other interested Ministries (particu- larly Agriculture), as well as with industry and consumer representa- tives, before preparing a final pro- posal on residue tolerances. After the proposal has been approved by the Federal Cabinet, it is presented to the Federal Council for final legislative action. At this point, the proposal has taken the form of an amendment to the Residue Tolerance Ordinance. The results of the action taken by the Federal Council are published in Part I of the Federal Law Register. Neither newly established nor changed residue tolerances are ever published individually; rather the entire list is amended periodically (appearing as an annex to the Ordinance). The Federal Biological Institute may publish new pesticide registra- tions indicating changes in residue tolerances, however, provided that an adequate delay period between last application and harvest is stipulated. Such changes or addi- tions to the list of approved pesticides are published in the Federal Gazette. For those pesticide-crop combin- ations for which no residue toler- ance has been specifically estab- lished, an automatic tolerance is assumed at one-tenth the lowest published tolerance for that pesti- cide on the most closely related crop. This system poses an ever-in- creasing number of problems, as more and more such combinations are found which do have a place, however small, in German agricul- ture. Growers of such crops find themselves frustrated by these pro- hibitively low residue requirements. German officials are aware of this situation and claim to be in the process of remedying it. Enforcement. Enforcement of the German Food Law, and consequently both the taking of samples of foodstuffs and the performance of chemical analyses on them, is entirely in the hands of the 11 German states. Each individual state has developed its own administrative orders. Sampling. There is no standardization of sampling sizes and techniques in West Germany. Sample sizes and the manner in which they are drawn may in some cases be left to the discretion of the individual inspectors. Domestically produced commodities may be sampled in retail stores, in retail or wholesale storage facilities, or, in a very few cases, on the farm (after harvest and already sold). Imported agricultural goods are sampled at the point at which they enter the German customs territory. Food inspectors are authorized to sample agricultural commodities only after they are legally classified as food. Imported goods become food immediately following sale to the first merchant in the chain. Processed goods, such as bread, milk, or beer, may be sampled at the processing plant. Many German officials would prefer to sample at the "farm gate," but the present situation, plus the more practical fact that German farms are relatively small and widely scattered, make "farm gate" sampling very difficult. These legalistic and logistic prob lems make it very difficult to enforce proper pesticide usage on the farm. By the time an infraction is discovered, it is often too late either to identify the producer or to prevent circulation of the lot from which the sample was taken. More and more, German states are making use of coding systems, whereby each lot of commodities is identified as to specific farm or origin, and samples for analysis are similarly identified. Such systems at least will permit the inspectors to take punitive action against those who misuse agricultural chemicals. Sampling regulations vary from state to state. Nordrhein West- phalia, which includes the densely populated Ruhr Valley, is the most populous of all the German States and receives a large portion of the foodstuffs imported into Germany. This State adopted an Administra- tive Order on Food and Quality Grade Inspection in November 1971. The order spells out all of the operating details concerning sam- pling techniques for foodstuffs, as well as analytical methods to be used, such as those for determining pesticide residues. For example, it provides that at least 10 samples per year be taken for each 2,000 inhabitants. At least three of these 10 samples must be from foodstuffs of animal origin. The Order also contains lists showing the minimum sample sizes required for many individual food products. These samples are drawn by trained food inspectors either by buying samples in retail stores, or at the production level by visiting food manufacturers, processors, or slaughter plants. The inspectors are responsible, among other things, for taking samples, identifying them as to source, and forwarding them for laboratory analyses. Thus, compli- ance is concentrated much more heavily on the final processed product than on raw agricultural products' Imported products may be sam- pled twice-first, at the point of entry into the Federal Republic, and second at the point of sale in one of the states. Customs officials now have the authority and responsibility to determine-in cooperation with the regular food inspection labora- tories-that imported foods comply with the new German Food Law, enacted in August 1974. The new law specifically provides that all imported products must meet the requirements of the Food Law, with only the exemptions that are specified in detail. Analysis: Throughout the FRG, there are some 60 State Institutes for Chemical Investigation. Each of these institutes is equipped with laboratories, which are charged on an individual basis with performing continuing analysis of different substances for contaminants. These substances include pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, wines, meats, other foods, water, and sewage. Pesticides are among the contamin- ants looked for. Only 11 of the 60 facilities are directly instructed to perform pesti- cide residue analyses, but these 11 are located so as to facilitate the shipment of samples taken by inspeofors. In 1970, these laboratories em- ployed about 500 academically trained chemists, the number in each laboratory varying from only 2 to 3 to 25 or more, depending upon workload (facilities in Augs- burg and in Bremen, for example, have 8 trained chemists each, Ham- burg has 21, and Munich 28). Similarly, the average number of samples analyzed in a year varies from laboratory to laboratory (about 450 in Bremen and 1,500 in Hamburg). Analytical methods used for detecting and measuring different pesticides on different crops are from a variety of sources. The German Ministry of Public Health, for example, is the sole authorized source of analytical methods for wine and meat. For other commodities, methods are taken from the Association of Official Analytical Chemists and its German counterpart (the DFG), the Federal Biological Institute of Germany, the International Standards Organization, and various industry and university sources. Most if not all of these laboratories have gas-liquid chromatographs with a variety of detection devices for analytical purposes. In addition, the larger laboratories have increasingly sensitive and sophisticated equipment ranging from infra-red and ultra-violet spectrophotometers to fluorimeters and atomic absorption equipment for detecting heavymetals. Ultra-sound is used in a few laboratories for extraction purposes. Gel chromatography is being evaluated as an analytical tool and at least two facilities will have mass spectometers by early 1975. After receiving a sample from one of the inspection agencies, the laboratory performs a standard series of analyses as quickly as possible. Regardless of the nature of the findings, a certificate of analysis must be forwarded immediately to the inspection services that drew the sample. If no pesticide residue problem appears, the shipment or lot remains in circulation. On the other hand, if excessive residues are found, the appropriate inspection service is notified and a FE-1 LB EISUl B iteT2~ . (Wisconsin-Michigan Growers) ALUMINUM HEADGATES FABRICATED TO YOUR SPECIFICATIONS HAND WHEEL OPERATED GATES COPRRATED HANDUMWHELGPES ALUMINUM CORRUGATED PIPE INTERNATIONAL POWER UNITS INTERNATIONAL CRAWLER TRACTORS WARNER & SWASEY EXCAVATORS WALDON LOADERS AND USED EQUIPMENT Eau Claire, Wis. 715-835-5157 Madison, Wis. 608-222-4151 3 IITERlATIOn INTERNATIONAL WALNRmore detailed analysis for confirma- Escanaba, Mich. Milwaukee, Wis. tion is ma if possible by th 906-786-6920 414-461-5440 madet e bth Green Bay, Wis. Ironwood, Mich. same laboratory. If more sophisti414- 435-6639 906-932-0222 cated equipment is required, the Al CIISTRUCTO EQUIPMET sample is forwarded to the nearest HARVESTER COMPANY / facility so equipped. Continued on Page 20 Farm t aU. "77 Expor Outlookrlr U~.S0./75 Farm Export Outlook i ii.~ ii ithe Clouded by Uncertainties By ARTHUR B. MACKIE and HENRY C. TRAINOR Foreign Demand and Competition Division The recent low of 12 percent-in 1969 can be considered abnormal, since it was heavily influenced by dock strike that held the volume of U.S. exports inthat year to well below the average level for all other years of the 1966-70 period. In retrospect, it appears that the yer 1967-9 may have been years 1967-69 may have been exceptionally low years for U.S. agricultural exports, both because of the impact of the dock strike and the Green Revolution in developing countries that greatly reduced their grain imports from the United States and other major grain producing countries. For example, during the 7-year span 1965-1972, India expanded its wheat production from 11 million to 27 million tons, an increase in a major crop unmatched by any other country in the history of wheat production. The rapid growth in production of agricultural products in many developing countries during this period greatly reduced their total import demand for food products. For example, wheat imports by Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka were reduced by half-from 9.2 million tons in 1965-67 to 4.6 million tons in 1970-71. Continued on next page Economic Research Service Exports of U.S. farm products, which were valued at a record $22 billion in calendar 1974, may approach this record in calendar 1975. However, this year's outlook is clouded by such uncertainties as sluggish economic conditions throughout the world, the tenuous nature of crop predictions in major producing areas, and the need for many countries to rebuild their stocks of important feedgrains and oilseeds. The future role of U.S. farm exports in world agricultural trade will hinge largely on the rapidity- or lack of it-of economic recovery in Western Europe and Japan in the short run, and on the success of developing countries in increasing their agricultural production in the long run. Economic growth in developed countries will affect export sales of U.S. feedgrains and soybeans, while U.S. wheat and rice exports will be heavily influenced by future expan sion in the developing and centrally planned economies. A combination of world events of the past three years-highlighted by major crop shortfalls, rapid economic growth and inflation, monetary instability, and rapid growth in demand for U.S. farm products-has lifted the U.S. share of world agricultural trade to its highest level in a quarter of a century-16.5 percent in 1973 and probably an even greater share in 1974. At this level, the U.S. market share was up more than 3 percent- age points from the 13.3 percent of the 2 previous years and almost 3 percentage points above the 1966-70 average of 13.7 percent. The previous high for U.S. market share occurred in 1966, when it reached 15.3 percent as a result of major crop shortfalls in the Asian subcontinent. Large ship- ments of U.S. grain, primarily to India, were made at that time. The U.S. market share of world agricultural exports had been fluc- tuating around 13 to 14 percent for 24 years until the rapid increase that occurred in 1973. Except for the period 1968-72, when the U.S. portion of world agricultural trade decreased slightly, the U.S. market share has trended steadily upward from a low point of 10.8 percent in 1953-55. For example, the U.S. percent- age share increased from 11.9 to 13.4 between 1951-55 and 1956-60 and to 14.6 percent in 1961-65 before declining slightly to 13.7 percent in the 1966-70 period. M RSE SO N I l | . -l i' Serving Agriculture Helicopter Application Cranberry Highway Division West Wareham, Mass. CHEMAPCO INC 2951553 _ The recent upward trend in U.S. agricultural exports began-in 1970 when value rose to nearly $7.25 million. In recent years, U.S. agri- cultural trade hit new records in each successive year-$7.69 billion in 1971, $9.2 billion in 1972, $17.7 billion in 1973, and $22 billion in 1974. During this recovery period, thriving markets for soybeans and feedgrains in Japan and in the European Community greatly con- tributed to boosting U.S. agricul- tural trade. As export markets began to recover, soybeans and feedgrains led the way. In 1972, for example, more than $2 billion worth of U.S. soybeans and products were exported-the largest single item in value in all U.S. foreign trade including such glamour export items as aircraft and computers. In the early 1970's, cash purchases-rather than P.L. 480 transactions-of U.S. farm products by wealthy nations was in fact exactly the kind of trade the U.S. agricultural economy had been seeking. Large purchases by the USSR of wheat and feedgrains in 1972-as well as shortages of some agricul- tural to the productscontributed tural products-contributed to the exceedingly large export volume of U.S. agricultural products at record price levels. In 1973-74, purchases by the USSR-formerly an exporter of wheat-were reduced considerably. However, export markets for U.S. products expanded in East Europe and in the People's Republic of F O R SALE 5 acres cranberry bogs New motor for flowing Some upland Reasonable East Dennis & Brewster MRS. HARRY R. SEARS BOX 5 China-in the latter case rocketing share. The trend in the U.S. market to about $852 million in 1974. share of world agricultural trade has In addition, Japan and the EC been closely related to the role of continued to be extremely impor-the United States in world wheat tant customers, with Japan import-exports. ing $3.4 billion worth of U.S. farm For example, the United States products and the EC $5.3 billion increased its share of world wheat worth. exports steadily from 1954 through Another major factor responsi-1966, as did the entire U.S. share of ble for the recent trends in U.S. world agricultural trade. When the market shares of world agricultural U.S. market share for wheat ex- trade has been grain exports-both ports declined in 1967-72, so did food and feedgrains. Soybeans and the role of the United States in products also have been influential world agricultural trade. during the past five years, but The resurgence of U.S. wheat grains have been clearly the leading exports from 35.4 percent of world commodity in setting trends since wheat exports in 1972 to 45 1950. percent in 1973 was sufficient to Of the grains, wheat exports increase the U.S. role in world have been the most accurate baro-agricultural trade from 13.3 to 16.5 meter of the actual level of U.S. percent. exports as well as of the market Courtesy ForeignAgriculture U.S. MARKET SHARE OF WORLD AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS INCREASES, 1973 AND 1974 Agricultural exports' . Agricultural U.S. shareof world Year share of total d U.. share sepo Wheat All grains .dol. Percent Percent Percent 1950 ....... 20.60 2.87 13.9 28.3 32.1 30.5 1951 ....... 27.63 4.04 14.6 27.1 44.2 42.7 1952 ... 26.58 3.43 12.9 22.8 42.4 35.3 1953 ....... 26.67 2.85 10.7 18.2 30.2 27.9 1954 ....... 27.89 3.05 10.9 20.3 26.0 20.9 1955 ....... 28.76 3.12 10.8 20.2 28.2 29.3 1951-55 Avg. 27.50 3.30 11.9 21.7 35.2 31.2 1956 ....... 30.79 4.17 13.5 22.0 38.1 34.4 1957 .31.74 4.51 14.2 21.8 35.2 32.0 1958 ....... 29.83 3.85 12.9 21.7 34.8 37.1 1959 31.80 3.95 12.4 22.6 34.7 38.6 1960 ....... 33.95 4.83 14.2 23.7 40.7 38.7 1956-60 Avg. 31.62 4.26 13.4 22.3 36.7 36.2 1961 ....... 34.61 5.02 14.5 24.1 43.1 38.8 1962 35.25 5.03 14.3 23.4 38.1 40.7 1963 ....... 38.85 5.58 14.4 24.1 40.8 41.1 1964 ....... 41.58 6.34 15.2 24.1 39.3 39.8 1965 ....... 42.68 6.23 14.6 22.9 34.8 40.5 3859 1966 ....... 45.03 6.88 15.3 22.9 39.2 44.5 1967 ....... 44.82 6.38 14.2 20.4 35.6 38.6 1968 ....... 45.59 6.23 13.7 18.2 33.6 37.9 1969 49.34 5.94 12.0 15.9 28.3 33.7 11961-65 Avg.. 5.64. 14.6 23.7 39.2 40.2 1970 ....... 5377 7.26 13.5 17.0 33.4 35.6 1966-70 Avg. 47.71 6.54 13.7 18.9 34.0 38.1 1971 .. 57.93 7.69 13.3 17.7 30.0 30.6 1972 70.79 9.40 13.3 19.2 35.4 40.0 1973 107.00 17.68 16.5 25.6 45.0 46.9 1974 (Prel.) . 13000 22.03 16.9 22.5 39.9 40.2 1971-74 Avg. 91.43 14.20 15.5 21.9 37.6 39.4 EAST DENNIS, MASS. 02641 EASTDENNIS,02641 Includes SITC Sections 0, 1, 2, and 4, but excludes divisions 03, 24, 25, 27, and MASS 28. Tel. 617-385-3343 Mils. Rffle*UTss~~~OQ 1I8— A— len—11our I ! S1a111n ^ Stl~at~ien CIrJ~IubelUIrIIrv~I Ugood I fleYNntoeA VbyIRVING E. DEMORANVILLE extension cranberry specialist I FieldU NolesO Personals Prof. Stan Norton has a paper published in the Transactionsof the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Volume 18, No. 1, pages 20-26, 1975. The title is "Develop- ment of a New Cranberry Harves- ter." This describes our traditional methods of harvest, both dry and wet, and gives a detailed description of the development and perform- ance of the new picker developed by Prof. Norton. Reprints of this paper are available on request. Frost Warning Service The Frost Warning Service spon- sored by the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Association has 180 sub- scribers to date as compared with 194 last year. However, the dona- tions to the answering service have been coming in at a slightly better rate which is encouraging. This is a valuable service at all levels and I hope you will continue to support it. There were no frost warnings issued through May 8, although we had two nights in late April (the 28th and 29th) when temperatures ranged from 16 to 23 degrees. This caused no injury as the month had been very cold and the vines had winter color. We are at least 10 days behind our normal this year. Weather April was very cold averaging about 3.7 degrees a day below normal. This was the fourth coldest in our records. Maximum tempera- ture was 62 degrees on three days, the 18th, 23rd and 30th. Minimum was 26 degrees on four different days, the 1st, 10th, 12th and 22nd. The only warmer than average days were the 18th, 23rd and 30th. Cooler than average periods oc- curred on the 2nd, 4-10th, 13th, 16th, 27th and 28th. Precipitation totaled only 7.90 inches which is about 1.4 inches below normal. There were measur- able amounts on nine days with 1.23 inches on the 3rd as the largest storm. Actually, one-half of our precipitation occurred in the period from the 3rd through the 5th and ^the other during the period from the 24th through 27th. This was driest April since 1968. We recorded one inch of snow on the 5th. o6Water supplies' are in reasonably shape as we come into the frost season. Winterkill is no problem and there is little oxygen deficiency injury. There is some patchy leaf drop, particularly in Howes where the bog is in need of sanding or has severe red mite injury or where some other stress situation has occurred. The bud will have to rank at or near the top of the list, so our prospects appear excellent at this point in time. Early Blacks are still struggling to attain green color at the end of the first week in May, while Howes retain their red winter color. Tips for Late Spring and Early Summer 1) The early spring pests are, or soon will be, showing up on bogs. These include cutworms, spanworms, leafhoppers, fireworms, tip- worms, sparganothis fruitworm, weevils and red mites. The sparganothis fruitworm can be detected by careful examination of loosestrife or the new cranberry tips for webbing. Weevils over-winter as adults and are active whenever temperatures reach 70 ° or above. If these pests are controlled in May or Continuedon Page 15 We have plenty of P E lateral and P V C main pipe with all the fittings for buried sprinkler systems and repairs and improvements to installed systems. We are taking aluminum main line pipe in trade for buried P V C. If vandalism is a problem on mains above ground, perhaps you should consider trading for buried P V C. We are also installing new systems with our Mole plow using Rain Bird sprinklers and Hale pumps. CnARLES W.HARRIS CO., InC. 451 Old Somerset Avenue North Dighton, Mass. 02764 Massachusetts Water Quality Planning Areas Approved The U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency has approved the designations of five Massachusetts areas as areawide waste treatment management planning areas. These areas are Berkshire County, Martha's Vineyard, Brockton, Cape Cod, and Lowell. These designa- tions are the first in Massachusetts under Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. John A. S. McGlennon, Regional EPA Administrator, noted that a sum of $374,000 in 208 contract authority has been reserved for the Berkshire program, to be admin- istered by the Berkshire County Regional Planning Commission; $216,000 for Martha's Vineyard, to be administered by the Martha's Vineyard Land and Water Commis- sion; $350,000 for Cape Cod to be administered by the Cape Cod Planning and Economic Develop- ment Commission; $456,000 to Lowell, to be administered by the Northern Middlesex Area Commis- sion; and $650,000 to Brockton to be administered by the Old Colony Planning Council. Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act calls upon state governors to designate, with EPA guidance, areas within their states that have substantial water quality problems. The pro- gram is designed to bring the cooperative efforts of state, re gional, and local officials to bear on complex water quality problems. One innovative feature of this program is that it permits the integration of water pollution con-T trol projects and other environ- mental activities such as air quality improvement and solid waste man- agement. The program also permits examination of land use and devel- opment in terms of its environ- mental implications. Mr. McGlennon noted that the 208 program sets out a two- pronged approach to solving water quality problems-one stresses systematic planning to find work- able solutions, and the other stresses follow-up to ensure that those solutions are implemented. Massachusetts has designated four other 208 planning areas, which will probably be acted on before July 1 of this year. Maine has five approved 208 areas, and New Hampshire has designated one area which is awaiting approval. Promising DDT Alternatives Found The U.S. Forest Service has reported discovery of three mater- ials that have promise as alterna- tives for DDT in controlling tussock moth epidemics, according to the Wildlife Management Institute. The materials are non-persistent. The discovery was among key conclu- sions reached in a Forest Service report recently delivered to the Environmental Protection Agency. The materials included a chemi- cal insecticide, carbaryl, and two Nl E leAr biological agents-a nucleopolyhedrosis virus and a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis.During tests, carbaryl, applied at two pounds per acre, reduced tussock moth populations by 95 to 99 percent. However, environmental effects of the pesticide have not been documented. Officials said that the biological controls need further testing. The B. thuringiensis bacterium is not well thought of by some forest entomologists as the Forest Service report indicates. Environmental effects of spraying 430,000 acres with DDT last year to control tussock moths have not been documented completely. The major effect so far has been the contamination of livestock which cannot be marketed until having been on "clean" feed for four months to reduce DDT build-ups. EPA Rejects Louisiana DDT Request Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Russell E. Train has turned down a request by the State of Louisiana for emer- J^ EIie@vlr FEl M ROBERT NIEMI ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS HEAT, LIGHT and POWER WIRING * RESIDENTIAL cT I1 CO IIVIERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TEL. 295-1880 Robert Niemi Pinehurst Dr. Wareham, Mass. gency permission to use 2.25 mil- lion pounds of the banned pesticide DDT this spring to control an insect pest on 450,000 acres of cotton. "The quantity requested consti- tutes approximately 20 percent of the toal quantity of DDT used in the United States in the year preceding cancellation," Train said. "The environmental and public health risks that would occur from the DDT use outweigh the potential benefits. The best available evi- dence indicates that fluctuating weather conditions, national over- planting of cotton, crop subsidy, prices, and other economic factors have had a greater impact on reduced cotton yields in Louisiana than the tobacco budworm insect." Alternative controls are available to Louisiana farmers, according to Train. Other pesticides-for ex- ample, Galecron, EPN, and methyl parathion, coupled with proper application timing-have been shown to be effective and are expected to be available in suffi- cient quantity this year. Farmers in the Brazos Valley of Texas and the Arkansas Delta have controlled budworm problems without DDT STATION NOTES-Cont. from 13 June, particularly those that have a new or second brood, they very seldom create a problem later in the season. 2) Do not forget to put in the flume planks.and impound drainage water for 24 hours after using any pesticide. Drainage water must be held. for seven days after using guthion or difolitan. 3) This is a good time to treat brush, poison ivy and brambles on the uplands using silvex. It should be mixed with water rather than oil at this time of year because of damage to turf. 4) Stoddard solvent or stod- dard-kerosene treatments following late water should be completed within five days after the flood had been withdrawn or within eight days if kerosene is used alone. Less damage will occur to the vines if temperatures are below 65 ° when these oils are applied. 5) Casoron, alanap, Chloro-IPC, simazine and morcran should not be applied after withdrawal of the late water flood as vine and crop injury will result. 6) Many bogs will benefit from ially where heavy crops were har vested. Some bogs that have had casoron treatments either last fall or this spring may look "hungry" and should be fertilized. Don't forget to touch up the thin or weak spots by going around with a bucket of fertilizer and using it. 7) Get out and walk your bogs, you will be surprisedat thenumber of little things, both good and bad, that you will notice on your inspection trips. FO ALE L 1 BOG SANDER $2995 * * 1 COMBINATION WHEEL-OF F RI G with small sanding bin $2,100 Ji D 6 DiBu7-94 After 6-Call 947-3051 521Thomas Street Middleboro, Mass. 02346 IC I uscing integorated~pest^ managemenpt using integrated pest management an application of fertilizer, especsuch as "scouting," and by using alternative pesticides, Train added. CRAN RR RO The tobacco budworm is a caterpil-ANBERRY GROWERS SERVICE INC lar that damages cotton plants by feeding upon them. Louisiana cot- ton accounts for five percent of total United States production. The Train decision agrees with the recommendation of an EPA hearing panel that the Louisiana request raised no substantial new evidence that would warrant ex- emption from the 1972 ban against applying DDT to crops. The panel conducted approximately one week of informal hearings on the Louisi- ana request, beginning February 27, 1975, in Baton Rouge, and ending March 5, 1975 in Washington, D.C. Louisiana applied for emergency use of DDT on January 24, 1975. Those presenting views in the informal hearings included: the Louisiana Congressional delegation; Louisiana State University; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; the Continuedon Page20 Little Harbor Road, Wareham, Mass. 02571 Ken Beaton -295-2222 The CrsafuliPump * DRAINAGE ON PESTICIDE TREATED ACREAGE . BOG FLOW & DRAINAGE *WATERHOLE CONST. WATERHOLE FILLING *WATER HARVEST FLUME REPAIRSANING *AUXILIARY UNIT The Crisafulli is the new pump for drainage or irrigation. The pump unit can be hitched to a farm tractor or any other vehicle with power take-off. Butyl rubber discharge, 2" to 24". 150 to 24,000 gallons per minute. Service Specializing in: DITCHING *COMPLETE BOG MANAGEMENT *HARVESING a NETTING WEED CLIPPING FARMING IS EVERYBODY'S BREAD AND BUTTER While everyone is yelling about the high price of food, no one is complaining that there is food to eat. The farmer is the prime target of the blame. He is the one that receives all the abuse. The people don't realize the farmer is the beginning and the end of the circle of production. The farmer produces a crop, sells it, and then buys new and better equipment, a new car or a snow- mobile. The people are all involved in the expenditures of the farmers from producing directly on the assembly. line, refining oil for gas, by BrianSchluckebier mining the materials for new mach- inery, to stringing the power lines for the new electrical appliances the farmer has bought. The multitudes don't compre- hend the value of the farmer in regards to production. An average farmer produces enough food for himself and 27-35 other people, and that is a little fact overlooked by most people. The average farmer in India produces only enough food for his family. This is the reason overpopulated countries must im- port our grain and meats to feed the vast numbers of people in their So you see, without the beet farmers in Reese, the tomato growers in California, the wheat producers in Kansas, or the corn cash croppers in Illinois, the world would be in terrible shape. During a natural catastrophy, food has to be in constant supply to prevent epidemics such as cholera or typhoid due to lack of nutrition. This grave responsibility falls upon the farmers of the world. In the years ahead the scarcity of food will cause the price of food to skyrocket while the price of gold will tumble. But who can eat gold? D & G MACHINE SERVICE Fabricating, Welding, Precision Machining 295-0064 WESTERN PICKERS Sales & Service 78Gibbs Ave. Wareham, Mass. 02571 - A A AA A A ... AL& FOR cities and villages. i4f faia ed WISCONSIN CRANBERRY MARSH or A WORKING PARTNERSHIP Confidential PHILHELMER 1060 3rd St. N Wisconsin Rapids, Wl 54494 715-421-0917 I SALE 3I *10WESTERN PICKERS A CONDTON CALL OSCAR NORTON 617—763-5385 NIOSH-APPROVED 3M PESTICIDE SYSTEMS SUPPLY CLEAN, FILTERED AIR IN CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS NIOSH-approved 3M brand Pest- icide Systems which provide respir- atory protection and comfort for workers who mix, load or spray pesticides have been introduced by 3M Company's Occupational Health and Safety Products depart- ment. The systems are the first and only powered air purifiers which m e e t N I OSH s t an d a r d s (TC-23C-78) for respiratory pro- tection against pesticides. The system is designed to protect the user against Category I pesticides, the most toxic of the four cate- gories of pesticides as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide vapors are safely fil- tered out through the 3M systems' No. W-2114 Chemical Cartridge. Cartridge life is five days; it then is easily replaced on site without special tools. The new vehicle-mount pesticide systems have wide application in commercial vegetable and fruit growing areas. A backpack accessory is available for off-vehicle use. 3M brand Pesticide Systems also provide respiratory protection against dust, fume and mist contaminants, filtering out 99.97 per cent of pollutants 0.3 microns or larger in diameter. Each system is built around the 3M brand W-2801 Powered Air Purifier which contains a vehicle mounting place, a vehicle power cord, and a filter apparatus composed of: (1) an intake screen to capture large particles; (2) a centrifugal air cleaner to spin off most visible particles; (3) a replaceable pre-filter pad to remove remaining visible particles; (4) a replaceable, high-efficiency filter; and (5) a chemical absorption cartridge to remove pesticide vapors and odors. Clean, filtered air is supplied cause the worker does not have to expand his own energy to breathe in air through a filter medium, he breathes normally and works more comfortably, efficiently and pro- ductively. For added comfort, heating and cooling accessories are available, providing the worker with control over his environment not afforded by tight-fitting, negative-pressure face-fit respirators. Helmets are lightweight (32 oz.), with ample room for glasses, hear- ing protection devices and com- munications equipment. They are equipped with a chemical resistant, shoulder-length, vinyl-coated nylon outer shroud and cotton polyester inner shroud, or with a waist- length, long-sleeved pesticide shirt, -. or complete head, face and neck protection. Rugged helmet con protction a. Rugged helmet co struction also protects workers from branches and other obstacles encountered during pesticide applications. The clear, liftable face- shield provides unrestricted visibility. Three 3M brand Pesticide Systems are available to meet varied application needs: the W-262 general purpose system; the W-263 hood/vest system for workers who do not need hardhat, visual or facial protection; and the W-264 pesticide shirt system. All systems include 3M's vehicle mount powered air purifier, W-2801; 72-inch breathing tube with safety link, W-5108; and belt-to-helmet-or-hood assembly, W-9450. For further information, contact 3M Company, Occupational Health and Safety Products, Dept. OH5-6, Box 33686, St. Paul. Minn. 55133. through a breathing tube to the ?:, helmet or hood of the wearer at a maximum rate of 9.7 cubic feet per minute, six times the amount needed for normal breathing. Be Chicken Three Ways With Cranberries Of courseyou've heard the expression, "Chicken Every Sunday"-well it originatedoverfour centuriesago with KingHenr IV, who benevolently exclaimed he hoped "there would not be a peasant so poor in his realm who would not have a chicken in his pot every Sunday. " Some many years later, an American politicianenlarged this statement to "two chickens for everyone's pot... "! In any event, whether chicken turns up on yourSunday menu ornot, it certainly is a bird that can qualify for a variety ofrecipesalmost any day of the week, using its many parts individually. As in Henri the Fourth's time-it's an importantfoodfor both theprice conscious and the nutrition mindedmenu plannersince it is high in protein, niacinand iron.\ Chicken can be cooked in endless ways because its mild flavoring makes itan excellent base for varied seasonings andmethods ofpreparation-for eitherheartyfamily meals or elegant dinnerparties. America's own native cranberry, like the chicken, is extraordinarily versatile and offers many varieties to season the prince of poultry in different ways, each with a special tasteand look. Herearejust three ways whereby the mighty little berry can positively perk up chicken-eachwill finda well used cornerin yourrecipe collection. For pure delectable elegance, "Cranberry Chicken Kiev" is a superb company dinner. In this instance, boneless and skinless chicken breastsare used andformed into log shapes. What makes this dish so deliciousis the combinationofwhole berry cranberry sauceand raisinswith white wine or sherry into a colorful sweet 'n tangy sauce thatis addedin the laststep of preparation.Serve your chicken on a platter of saffron rice, along with carrots,a crispgreen saladanda bottle of dry white wine. "Bacon Berry Stuffed Chicken Thighs" is as good to look at as to eat, and you'll find it easy to prepare with great success. After the thighs have been boned (simple to do as you'll find in the recipe), they are stuffed with a tasteful mixture of cranberry-orange relish, crumbled bread, chopped onion and poultry seasoning. When each thigh has been stuffed they are wrapped in strips of bacon. These can be cooked eitherby baking oron stove-top in a skillet. Either way, you can serve themfrom stove to ^ CRANBERRY CHICKEN KIEV Serves 6) 6 tablespoons butter or margarine, 6 tablespoons butter or softened 1 tablespoon minced chives 1 tablespoon mince parsley 6 bonelss and skinless chicken breasts Salt and pepper egg, well beaten Flour Dry bread crmbs 1/2 cup butter or margarine package (6 ounces) saffron rice 1/2 cup dry white or sherry wine 1 can (8 ounces) whole berry cranberry sauce bright parsley and 1/4 cupraisinsperhapssome baked tomatoes. Forindoors or out, "Chicken Berry BarbecueBake" is a taste tempter tablespoon water in any season. In this instance chicken quartersaregiven the spotlight. By In a bowl mix butter, chives and combining chopped onion, a bit of garlic, chili sauce, tangy jellied parsley. Shape butter mixture into cranberry sauce, and orange juice, the chicken is colorfully coated-and 6 balls. Wrap butter balls and freeze succulently seasoned. If you decide to do it on the'grill, simply keep the until hard. Pound chicken breasts sauce in a bowl and brush on while the chicken is barbecuing.Serve along to 1/4 inch thickness. Sprinkle with corn on-the-cob and a salad of thinly sliced tomatoes and sweet chicken with salt and pepper. Place onions with a light oil and vinegar dressing. A pitcherof cranberryjuice 1 ball of butter on each chicken cocktail with floating lemon slices mixed with soda will add a thirst breast. Roll up, turn in ends and table in their cooking container-simply add some 1teaspoon cornstarch mixed with 1 quencher. IWANTED" ONL) VINES MASS. HOWES ONLY CALL Roger Correira FOR SALE WESTERN PICKERS Call Bob Hiller 617-866-4788 617-748-0041 617-746-9350 617-746-9350 18—_—--——-—»——--^ continue rolling until butter is completely covered and chicken is the shape of a log. Secure logs with toothpicks, if necessary. Dip logs into egg and then into flour. Dip into egg again and then into crumbs. Let logs stand at room temperature for 10 minutes to dry. Cook rice as label directs. Heat 1/2 cup butter in a large skillet. Add chicken logs and fry quickly until brown on all sides. Lower heat and cook until chicken is done. Remove chicken to a heated platter lined with rice and keep warm. Add remaining ingredients to drippings in skillet. Stir mixture over low heat until sauce bubbles and thick- ens slightly. Spoon sauce over chicken logs. BACON BERRY STUFFED CHICKEN THIGHS C (ServeTHGH 12 chicken thighs Salt and pepper 1/2 cup cranberry-orange relish 4 slices white bread, crumbled 1 small onion, chopped 1/2 teaspoon poultry seasoning 12 slices bacon (about 1/2 pound) 1cup chicken broth I 1 cup chicken broth With a sharp knife slit thigh on underside along the bone, but not cutting and piercing the skin. Re- move bone. Season thighs with salt and pepper. In a bowl mix relish, bread crumbs, onion and poultry seasoning. Use mixture to stuff thighs. Wrap each thigh in 1 strip of £ I^..~ bacon. Place thighs, skin side up, in Salt and pepper a shallow baking pan, side by side, 1/4 cup butteror margarine in a single layer. Pour over chicken I large onion, chopped broth. Bake in a preheated moder-1 clove garlic, minced ate oven (350 °) for 1 hour or until 1 cup chili sauce thighs are tender. Serve garnished 1 can (8 ounces) jellied cranberry with parsley, if desired. Thighs may sauce also be cooked on top of the range Juice of 1 orange in a skillet. Fasten ends of bacon Sprinkle chicken quarters on all with toothpicks and brown thighs sides with salt and pepper. Combine on all sides in a large skillet. Pour remaining ingredients in a saucepan over chicken broth, cover and and beat with a rotary egg beater simmer for 1 hour or until thighs until well mixed. Heat until bubbly. are tender. Place chicken side by side in a single layer, in a foil lined and X greased shallow baking pan. Pour sauce over chicken quarters. Bake in a preheated moderate oven CHICKEN BERRY (350 °) for 1 hour or until chicken is BARBECUE BAKE tender. Serve hot garnished with (Serves 8) parsley, if desired. 2 chickens, about 2 pounds each, Recipes courtesy of Ocean Spray quartered Cranberries,Inc. cranberry growers!! or just $2.50 per acre plus cost of materials applied, I am available for the custom application of insecticides and fungicides through your sprinkler systems. Compare these features: f1. No extra charge for fungicide applications when combined. 2. No waiting for fog to lift-also can work in the dark of night if necessary. 3. Spray is released near the crop for the most effective results. ^4. No need to worry about added health insurance of employees. 5. No disposal problems of empty poison containers. 6. Consideration given to large acreage. I am licensed by the Department of Public Health for this service. Call BOB ALBERGHINI, Wareham, Mass., at 295-9092. Leave a message with answering service if I am not at home. WASHINGTON NOVA SCOTIA DDT Continuedfrom Page 1 Continuedfrom Page 7 to 35.43 inches. This amount is more than 10 inches less than 1974 precipitation recorded at this date. The temperature has remained on the cool side, with a high of 61 degrees on the 11th and a low of 29 degrees on the 21st. There were 10 days that recorded 32 degrees or below in the bog. This extended low periods activated sprinkler pro- tection for frost so that bogs have been continually wet, allowinglittle time for work on the bogs. Four days recorded no precipitation, with eight days having only a trace. The greatest storm came on the 24 hour period preceeding the 24th with .53 of an inch. Readings are taken at 8:00 A.M. each morning. WEST GERMANS ENFORCE PESTICIDE CONTROL LAW Continuedfrom Page 10 For domestically produced goods, an attempt is made to locate the producer and as much of the lot in question as possible. Whatever is found of the lot is then returned to the producer, with a warning, fine, or other penalty. The producer may destroy the lot or find some alternative use for it that presents no hazard to human, animal, or plant health. In the case of imports, the shipment is usually still relatively easy to locate. The entire shipment or portions of it may be denied entry into the country or the purchaser may be allowed to find alternate uses for it as long as no health risks are involved. In general, German food law enforcement appears to be quite efficient and dynamic. There is widespread awareness of problems and equally widespread interest in seeking solutions and improve- ments. Apart from the basic ques- The month of April was consid- erably cooler than average and this cool trend continued until the second week of May. Following this there was a dramatic change and conditions were ideal for planting andbog operations. Since the cranberry meeting in East Wareham, there has been an increased exchange of information and this material has been helpful. We wish to thank those who contributed. Appreciation is extended to all cranberry growers for a 100% crop report. This excellent response makes crop reports very accurate. Year: 1974 Number of Growers: 5 Acres Harvested: 36.5 Total Pack-out in Pounds: 90,250 Average Price: .251 Three growers reported com- plete crop losses. These crop losses were the result of (1) vandalism on the bog whereby flood water was released on a frosty night resulting in a complete freeze, (2) bog frosted due to inadequate sprinkler protection and (3) insect damage. The five growers who did harvest reported lower crops due to insect damage, and possibility of oxygen deficiency during the winter flood which might have caused bud injury. ._ this and to solicit suggestions. With regard to residue tolerance levels, the German people are certainly not in favor of any relaxation of the strict controls. However, many senior officials are frankly opposed to such a position and to some extent their voices seem to be reaching receptive ears. Nevertheless, such influential sectors as consumers organizations may not be sufficiently exposed to these voices. Certainly, influence by tion of extremely rigorous residue example from authoritative sources tolerance levels, the weakest point outside the FRG can help to speed in Germany pesticide legislation improvements. seems to be in sampling. German officials are quite ready to admit Courtesy ForeignAgriculture DDT has had a miraculous impact on arresting insect-borne diseases and increasing grain production from fields once ravaged by insects. According to the World Health Organization, malaria fatalities alone dropped from four million a year in the 1930s to fewer than one million in 1968. Other insect-borne diseases such as encephalitis, yellow fever, and typhus fever, showed similar declines. Surprise number five is that it has been estimated that 100 million human beings who would have died of these afflictions are alive today because of DDT. Incidentally, recent tests indicate that the thinning of eggshells may have been caused by mercury compounds rather than DDT. Dr. McKetta is a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Texas at Ausin. This brief article is from ad- Austin. This brief article is from an ad dress he presented in San Francisco to members of the American Institute of of ChemicalEngineers. GRICUTURE AGRICULTURE NOTES Conuedfrom Page 15 Health Research Group. the National Audubon Society; the Sierra Club; Environmental Defense Fund; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; American Shrimp Canners Association; Louisiana Shrimp Association; and the National Wildlife Federation. "EPA is not insensitive to the economic plight of Louisiana cotton farmers during the current farm cost-price squeeze," Tain said, "but we do not believe the use of DDT will greatly alleviate these problems." During the informal Louisiana hearings, EPA announced revised procedures regarding emergency use or registration requests for pesticides that were previously taken off the market (cancellation or suspen sion). EPA told the informal hearing panel on March 5, 1975, that if the EPA Administrator determined that such a request raises "substantial new evidence" which could materially affect a previous suspension or cancellation order, l _ mservin Ithe WISCoUNIN growers CRANBERRY VINES SUBSCRIBE NOW! FORFOR SALESALE |Cranberries Magazine is the only magazine Delivery in 1975 For Delivery in 1975 devoted exclusively to Cranberry Cuiture. SEARLES, JUMBO, HOWES McFARLIN ...... $300/ton Gve a friend or foreman a subscription BEN LEARS..... 750/ton to 12 exciting issues. STEVENS....... 1,000/ton LeMUNYON ..... 1,000/ton Name PILGRIMS ...... 2,000/ton All prices F.O.B. Address Wisconsin I will give a 10% discount City State Zip on any orders placed for [ One Year $5.00 [ ] 2 Years $8.00 vines next year. 0-0-0 Mail to: CRANBERRIES MAGAZINE Interested in purchasing Wis-P.O. Box J consin Cranberry Properties. Kingston, Mass. 02364 Vernon Goldsworthy B.S. &M.S. __ University of Wisconsin Cranberry Consultant 1 Fees Reasonable e o Eagle River, Wis. 54521 Apleatsein L r please MentiS YOUn . When youAnswerAI e WISCONSIN HEADQUARTERS FOR CORRUGATED = INSECTICIDES * FUNGICIDES CULVERT PIPE HERBICIDES and DUSTS * WETTABLE POWDERS * EMULSIONS FLOW GATES SEVIN * PARATHION * GUTHION CAPTAN * FERBAM * COPPER SULFATE Aluminum-Galvenized Aluminu-Galvenzed DITHANE M-22 (MANEB) * DIFOLATAN Asphalt Coated PRINCEP MOR-CRAN * DIQUAT * 2,4-D Felker Bros. Mfg.Co. Hopkins Agricultural Chemical Co. MARSHFIELD WISCONSIN MARSHFIED P. . BOX 584 MADISON, WISCONSIN 53701 Area 715 384-3121 Phone: Area Code 608-222-0624 How city slickers pick cranberries. Every year, millions of people who don't know a bog from a back forty pick tons of cranberries and never get a blooper. They do it the easy way. They just look for the Ocean Spray label. On cans and bottles and jars. Because to millions of people, Ocean Spray means cranberries. In stores all over the country, they're picking more cranberries than they ever picked before. In all shapes and forms and combinations. They don't know as much about cranberries as cranberry growers. But they know about Ocean Spray. And that's good enough for them. Cranberries -The National Cranberry Magazine -link page Cranberries -The National Cranberry Magazine -link page PREVIOUS................Cranberries -The National Cranberry Magazine April, 1975 NEXT....................Cranberries -The National Cranberry Magazine June, 1975 GO TO INDEX
Object Description
Title | Cranberries - The National Cranberry Magazine, 1975-05 |
Subject | Cranberries - The Magazine; |
Type | Text |
Format | image/pdf; |
Identifier | 7505CRAN.pdf |
Rights | 2008 Wetherby Cranberry Library; |
Submitting Institution | Wetherby Cranberry Library; |
Date Digitized | 2000-11-15 |
Coverage-Spatial | Massachusetts; New Jersey; Wisconsin; Oregon; Washington; Canada |
Coverage-Temporal | 1970-1979; |
Creator | Bob Taylor; Carolyn Gilmore; Carolyn Laban; Irving Demoranville; Phillip E. Marucci; Elizabeth G. Carpenter; I. V. Hall; Arthur Poole; Azmi Y. Shawa, Tod D. Planer; Dan Brockman; Joan E. Humphrey |
Date | 1975-05 |
Date Last Updated | 2008-11-10 |
Language | English |
Relation | Cranberries - The National Cranberry Magazine |
Description | The magazine entitled, “Cranberries – The National Cranberry Magazine,” describes grower information, regional news, and developments in the cranberry industry in the United States and Canada. |
Format-Medium | Magazine; |
Publisher | I. Stanley Cobb |
Digitizer | Stosh Jonjak |
Description
Subject | Cranfest; Recipes |
Type | Image |
Format | Image/jpeg |
Rights | 2008 Wetherby Cranberry Library |
Submitting Institution | Wetherby Cranberry Library |
Date Digitized | 2008-07-22 |
Coverage-Spatial | Warrens, Wisconsin |
Creator | Cranfest; Warrens Cranberry Festival |
Date Last Updated | 2008-10-15 |
Language | English |
Relation | cranfest recipe brochures |
Description | For more photographs like this one, visit the Cranberry Library Photostream on Flickr at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cranberrylibrary/sets/ |
Format-Medium | brochure |
Publisher | Cranfest; Warrens Cranberry Festival |
Transcript |
Massachusetts
New Jersey
Wisconsin
Oregon
Washington C A
Canada THE NATIONAL CRANBERRY MAGAZINE
~~~~~~n~~ W 45^^1
MAY 1975
GEORALD POITERl-~lli
ROUTE 2 ^•-''lli .
DIRCTORY for cranbierry urowers
EQUIPMENT
hand •j-capped HAYDEN
-SEPARATOR
(han' de kapt'), adj. WAREHAM, MASS.
Irrigation Systems
1. able 2.dependable PUMPS
SEPARATORS -BLOWERS
. energeti 4eeagerSCREENHOUSE EQUIPMENT
workers DARLINGTON
»PICKING MACHINES
______»
The President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped
Washington, D.C. 20210
_________________________________ IThe
CHARLES W.HARRIS
The National Bank of Wareham OComptAenuey
Conveniently located for Cranberry Men North Dighton, Mass.
Phone 824-5607
AMES
Irrigation Systems
FUNDS ALWAYS AVAILABLE FOR SOUND LOANS R BIRD
Sprinklers
HALE-MARLOW
COMPLETE BANKING SERVICE Pumps
Highest Quality Products
Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation' with Satisfaction Guaranteed
CRANBERRIES
THE NA TIONA L CRA NBERR Y
MA GA ZINE
-Our 39th Year of Publication-
IssueofMay 1975
Volume 40 -No. 1
1. S. Cobb ... publisher
J. B. Presler ... editor
Office: R-55 Summer Street, King-
ston, Massachusetts 02364, Post
Office Box J. Telephone (617)
585-6561. All correspondence and
advertising should be sent to Box J,
Kingston.
ADVISORS -CORRESPONDENTS
Nova Scotia
1. V.
HALL
Botanist,
Research Station
Botanist, Research Station
Kentville, Nova Scotia
*
Massachusetts
DR. CHESTER E. CROSS
Director, Mass. Cranberry
Experiment Station
IRVING DeMORANVILLE
Extension Cranberry Specialist
Mass. Cranberry Experiment Station
*
New Jersey
PHILIP E. MARUCCI
Research Professor in Entomology
Extension Specialist in
Cranberries and Blueberries
Official Cooperative
Weather Bureau Observer
*
Washington
AZMI Y. SHAWA
Associate Horticulturist and
Extension Agent in Horticulture
Long Beach, Washington
*
Wisconsin
VERNON GOLDSWORTHY
Eagle River, Wisconsin
—________-
CRANBERRIES is published once a
month by Pilgrim Publishers at R-55
Summer Street (P.O. Box J) Kingston,
Massachusetts. Second Class postage paid
at Plymouth, Massachusetts Post Office.
Price is 50¢ per copy, $5.00 a year in
U.S., $6.00 in Canada; all other coun-
tries $8.00 a year. Foreign remittances
must equal U.S. funds.
Copyright 1975 by Pilgrim Publishers
L N
NEW JERSEY
Last month was the coldest
April in the forty-five year weather
recording history at the Cranberry
and Blueberry Laboratory in New
Lisbon. The average temperature
was 46.7 degrees, which is -4.8
degrees lower than normal and 6.3
degrees colder than April of last
year. The previous record lows for
April were 47.2 in 1966 and 47.5 in
1940.
Two daily record lows were
established. The 24 degree mini-
mum on the 14th and the 26 degree
on the 22nd displaced the previous
records set in 1940 and 1953.
Another unusual feature of the
month was the period of four days
from the 4th through the 7th when
maximum temperatures remained
in the low forties and minimums in
the twenties. For short term severe
April weather, this was exceeded
only by the six successive days of
maximum temperatures in the
forties from the 7th through the
12th in 1935.
Rainfall occurred on seven days
and the total for the month was
3.58 inches. This is 0.21 inch above
normal. For the first four months
of the year the accumulated pre-
cipitation is 14.69 or 1.40 above
normal.
As of May first the winter flood
has been withdrawn on only about
400 to 500 of New Jersey's 3,100
acres of cranberry bogs. Most
growers await the traditional May
10th date before removing the
water from their bogs. The cool wet
season has held back normal growth
of blueberries. As of May first, the
season was about ten to twelve days
behind normal. On this date there
was only a scattering of open
blossoms in early varieties in the
The mild winter
Precipitation
was favorable and as a result there
is an extremely heavy bud set on all
varieties.
W3
WISCONSIN
Temperatures were unseasonably
cold in the first half of April,
averaging 7 to 15 degrees below
normal. Because of the cold temperatures,
precipitation has been
mainly confined to snow. The
southeast had about an inch of
precipitation water equivalent from
the snowstorm of April 1-2. Other
southern areas had about a half
inch water equivalent from that
storm. Northern and central areas
have had little or no precipitation
in the first half of April. The west
and southwest had just under a half
inch from snow on April 9th. High
temperatures in the first week of
April were in the 30's except for
some 40's in the south on the 4th
and 6th. Temperatures finally rose
into the 50's orf the 12th and 13th
under the influence of sunshine and
a declining snow cover.
The last two weeks of April
featured a typical variety of spring
weather with variable temperatures.
Severe thunderstorms brought scattered
hail and heavy rain in western
and southern areas on the 17th and
18th. Showers and thunderstorms
occurred on the 22-23, with heaviest
amounts in the west and north.
Very heavy rains fell in the state on
the 27th and continued into the
28th.
A
WAASHINGTON
The 5th National Cold Protection
Workshop sponsored by ASHS
Committee on Meterology and
Climatology was held in Yakima
April 8-10. The meeting, which
Azmi Shawa attended, brought
together meterologists and horticul
tursts from deciduous and citrus
fruit growing areas.
total for April was
3.33 inches bringing the year total
3.33 inches, bringing the year total
Continued on page 20
Winterkill Digs Lake's Graves
Madison, Wis.-When, and if, the
ice finally leaves the lakes up in the
northlands of Wisconsin, there just
may be a lot of Cranberry Lakes
around.
Cranberry is a shallow 512 acre
lake in Price County that went into
the winter with a full complement
of northern pike, perch, crappies,
bluegills and large-mouth bass.
Cranberry Lake is now a shallow
512 acre grave.
Almost all the fish are dead now,
according to the best of estimates,
as a result of the late winter
snowstorms that pelted the north-
western section of Wisconsin. When
the weather warmed and some of
the ice melted, the evidence was
there. Thousands of fish, belly up.
Cranberry Lake is new to a lot
of people because until a year ago it
had no public access. It was a
reservoir for a cranberry company
and it was fished by only a few
people.
Then the Department of Natural
Resources built a road to the lake
and constructed a launching ramp.
Just when folks were beginning
to fish the lake, it died. Many
people thought that the cranberry
company accidentally dumped
some fish killing chemicals into the
lake and killed the fish.
"No, it was a normal winterkill,
as far as we can determine" said
Bill Threinen, head of the inland
fisheries department for the DNR
at Madison. "It was a very severe
winterkill caused by the late snow-
falls."
0-
II' 1'<^^
L4—-^^^ been affected and how bad the kill
^^^
C^^^^, ^ /^ flhas been until the ice leaves,
however.
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