Cranberries - The National Cranberry Magazine, 2001-03

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ranberriesSince 1936March 2001 Vol. 65 No.2SURPLUS6 Panel to Re-Examine Second-year Volume RegulationProducer concerns were aired during heated industry debate.
10 Season-Average Prices as Related to Total Supplyby Ed jesseAg economist examines the price effect of an order supplyrestriction.
COMMENTARY12 Northland Under Forbearanceby William KiernanJAPAN14 Wooing the Japanese Marketby Robert Chadbourne with Jeffrey LaFleurMassachusetts Governor Paul Cellucci urges Japanesemanufacturers, retailers and distributors to takeadvantage of bumper cranberry crops.
REGULATORY17 Agriculture Community Optimistic about FQPA's Future18 FDA Warns Ocean Spray about Web Site Health ClaimsBOOK REVIEW20 In the Lyme-LightLyme disease biography.
RESEARCH24 Reasons for Reducing Phosphorus ApplicationsThere is no yield response above 20 Ibs P.
Cover: Massachusetts Governor Paul Cellucci, center, leads a tradedelegation to Japan to promote the state's products, including thecranberry juice he offers in a toast honoring the I Oth anniversary of theMassachusetts-Hokkaido sister state relationship. Joining in the toast, tothe left is Mass. House Speaker Thomas Finneran; to the right is KiyoshiYokoyama, President of Raise Co., Ltd. See page 14. (Photo by Graham West.)
Page 4 March 2001 Cranberries

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Panel to Re-ExamineSecond-year Volume RegulationArlington, VA -The eight-member Cranberry MarketingCommittee voted on three volume reduction proposals at aFeb. 5, 2001 meeting, but failed to reach a consensus on aproposed follow-up to last year's volume regulation. The com-
mittee will reconvene Feb. 27, with the hopes of reaching asolution to the industry's over supply prior the growing sea-
son.
Last year's summit failed to act on a crop regulation at itsfirst meeting held Feb. 29, 2000, but at a second meeting amonth later adopted the first cranberry volume regulation inthree decades. The Secretary of Agriculture announced thefinal rule regulating the crop by a 85% producer allotment onJuly 5, 2000, well into the growing season.
This year's CMC session on Feb. 5 was punctuated by heateddebate and a number of proposals on how to reduce the sur-
plus. A pair of compromise motions put forth by Joe Darlington,
Ocean Spray member for New Jersey, called for producer allot-
ment volume reductions in the range of 35 to 40 percent, butfailed to win enough votes to carry. With six votes needed forpassage, the vote was 4 to 3 (with one abstention) in favor of a35-percent proposal; the vote on the 40-percent proposal was 5to 3 in favor, still not enough to carry. The proposals put forthby Darlington would reduce the surplus by limiting up-frontthe volume of cranberries that growers deliver. One of his pro-
posals also called for the appointment of a special subcommit-
tee that would have worked with handlers to create a "buyback" provision for the 2001 crop, ensuring handlers access tofruit at fair market prices.
A "producer allotment" allows growers and the industry toavoid the costs of growing, harvesting, receiving and disposingof surplus fruit.
Independent representative Gary Jensen from Wisconsinproposed a 50 percent volume regulation using the "handlerwithholding" method of surplus reduction. Under this method,
growers deliver their full crop, but are paid for half of it. Han-
dlers then collectively dump the remaining 50 percent. Thatproposal was defeated by a 6 to 2 vote.
Ocean Spray, backed by recommendations from several lead-
ing agricultural economists from the USDA and the privatesector, has maintained that the "handler withholding" methodwould further hurt growers financially by requiring them toPage 6 March 2001 CranberriesMassachusettsgrower DoanneAndressenpresented apetition to theCranberryMarketingCommitteesigned by 145growers seekinga minimum pricesupport of $40per barrel toaccompany anyvolumeregulation.
(Cranberries photo.)
Fig. I. Cranberry Marketing Policy, ProductionEstimate for Sept. I, 2001 through Aug. 3I,2002, Feb.
5, 2001.
ISURLU

incur the cost of growing a full crop, while only being compen-
sated for half of it.
For the first time, a grower contingent approached the panelwith a petition for price support. Representing 145 Massachu-
setts growers seeking minimum $40 per barrel returns, DoanneAndressen from Duxbury, Mass. noted that growers are beingpaid below the cost of production as handlers fight for marketshare. "The Marketing Order is a tool that can be used for thegrower or against the grower," she said. "Handlers are control-
ling the regulations in this marketing order and not consider-
ing the consequences on small business."
John C. Decas, of Decas Cranberry Products, faulted theCMC for not taking action sooner, and proposed a USDAmarketing agreement to supplement the exisiting CranberryMarketing Order. "We need to find ways to impose disciplinein this industry on those who build a surplus," he said, addingthat compromise is called for among the handlers.
Jack Crooks of Ocean Spray noted that a 35-percent reduc-
tion on the 2001 crop, using the grower allotment method,
would absorb the bulk of the roughly 2.3 million barrels ofsurplus cranberries currently stockpiled in industry warehouses.
Dean Pappas, CEO of Clement-Pappas Co. said that CMCactions "must be equitable to both growers and handlers."
John Swendrowski, CEO of Northland Cranberries, Inc.,
noted that the panel should aim toward aligning supply anddemand. He recommended action that will allow the grower to"at least break even", advising a 50% handler withholding pro-
gram to protect grower prices. "It is a grower issue, it is not ahandler issue," he said "It is important to address the growersfirst."
In other business, the CMC approved a generic domesticpromotion program to be funded by a 10 cents per barrel as-
sessment, starting with the 2000 crop. A new subcommitteewill be charged with publicizing Cranberry Institute sponsoredhealth benefit research findings, now coming to maturity.
A temporary subcommittee will work with USDA and growersto craft a buy-back provision for consideration when the commit-
tee reconvenes March 4-5 in Wisconsin Rapids, WI.
USDA Answers to Questions About Volume Regulation for the 2001-02 Cranberry SeasonWhat kinds of regulations areauthorized under the currentmarketing order?
The order allows two types of volumeregulations -producer allotment andhandler withholding. Under a producerallotment regulation (as used for the 2000crop), handlers are only able to buy fromgrowers a certain percentage of their crop.
Under a withholding regulation, han-
dlers may acquire all the berries they wishfrom growers, but may only process andsell a certain percentage of what they ac-
quire.
What are the buy-back provisionsof the marketing order?
Under a withholding regulation, ahandler can buy-back some or all of thecranberries he or she is required to with-
hold from market. To buy the berriesback, a handler must deposit with theCranberry Marketing Committee themarket value of those berries. The Com-
mittee then buys "free" berries from an-
other handler, and disposes of those ber-
ries. The Committee sets the price a han-
dler must pay to buy back berries.
There are no buy-back provisions un-
der a producer allotment regulation. Themarketing order would have to beamended to add them.
How can the marketing order beamended?
The marketing order can be amendedthrough a formal rulemaking process.
This process begins with an industry re-
quest for change, and requires publichearing sessions. Any changes then re-
quire grower and processor approval inreferendum The formal rulemaking pro-
cess takes about two years.
Can volume regulation be appliedonly to cranberry inventories?
No. The law does not permit regula-
tion of processed cranberry products un-
der a marketing order. However, a mar-
keting agreement could be established tocover cranberry products.
Can minimum grower prices be setunder the marketing order?
No. However, handlers could agree toa minimum grower price through a mar-
keting agreement.
What's the difference between amarketing agreement and amarketing order?
There are three main differences:
* The types of regulations that canbe put in place under a marketing orderare more limited than under a market-
ing agreement.
* All handlers have to comply underregulations issued under a marketing or-
der; under a marketing agreement, regu-
lations apply only to those handlers whohave signed the agreement.
* Growers must approve marketingorders, but do not have an opportunityto vote on marketing agreements.
How long would it take to get amarketing agreement in place?
About two years. Except for the growerreferendum, the process to get an agree-
ment in place is the same as the formalrulemaking process to amend the mar-
keting order described above. USDA re-
quires that handlers of at least 80% ofthe crop must sign an agreement prior toits being put in effect. yCranberries March 2001 Page 7

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Season-Average Prices asRelated to Total Supplyby Ed Jessefor the Cranberry Marketing CommitteeA key question in debatingapplication of the Cranberry Market-
ing Order is the price effect of anorder supply restriction (handlerwithholding or producer allotment).
That question can be addressed bylooking at the historical relationshipbetween grower prices and supply(production plus stocks) plus otherfactors expected to affect growerprices.
Unfortunately from the stand-
point of statistical estimation, thatrelationship is confounded by rapidlyexpanding demand during the periodbetween the late 1970s and the early1990s which resulted in an unex-
pected positive relationship betweensupply and price. In-economists'terms, demand was being pushed tothe right faster than supply, leadingto price increases despite large year-
to-year increases in production. Thisshift in demand was caused by theincreasing popularity of blendedcranberry juice drinks, the introduc-
tion of other new products, andperceived health benefits of cran-
berry consumption.
Demand appears to have stabi-
lized since 1990. Stable demand, incombination with continued in-
creases in supply from new acreageand higher yields, is the principalreason for growing inventories anddepressed grower prices. But the nineyears of stable demand also meansPage 10 March 2001 CranberriesFigure I: Cranberry price forecasting model showing actual price,
estimated price, and the difference between both for 1991-1999.
that we can now provide better insighton how grower prices are affectedbychanges in supply.
The "average" influence of totalcranberry supply and consumer incomeon grower prices for the period 1991-99was measured using a linear regression.
Simplistically, this statistical techniquemeasures how season-average growerprices (adjusted for inflation) wereaffected by two factors:
* Total available cranberry supply forthe season, defined as the sum ofcurrent year production plusbeginning stocks, expressed on aper-capita basis to account forgrowing U.S. population.
* Disposable income, deflated andexpressed on a per capita basis.
Statistical analysis shows that theshows that the estimated relationshipbetween these two variables used to"explain" price over the 1991-1999period, Total Available Supply, andDeflated Per Capital Income, accountfor 85% of the year to year variation inI ISURPLUS

2001 crop year cranberry price forecasts depending on varying levels of totalgrower price. This statisticalanalysis also shows that the equation'sestimated price could be expected to bewithin plus or minus $5/Bbl about 2/3of the time.
Figure 1 graphically illustrates therelationship of the predicted price andthe actual price over the 1991 to 1999period and shows that this equationsdoes a fairly accurate job of generatingprice estimates.
The regression equation says thatduring the 1991-99 period, a one-poundper capita change in the total availablesupply was associated with a $38.29 perbarrel opposite change in the deflatedseason-average grower price. To put thisin more meaningful terms, with U.S.
population at about 275 million, achange in the total available cranberrysupply of 100,000 barrels would changeseason-average price in the oppositedirection by about $1.40 per barrel.
This effect is considerably larger thanwhat has been measured in otherstudies over earlier time periods.
It indicates that cranberry demandis very "inelastic"; that is, a smallpercentage change in total supplycauses a relatively large percentagechange in grower price.
The effect of income on cranberryprices is quite strong: A $1,000 increasein per capita disposable income wasassociated with an increase in growerprices of more than $12 per barrel.
This measured effect is very artificial -
the income variable is picking up atrend effect in prices.
The price estimation equation canbe used to forecast prices for the 2001crop year by inserting values for totalavailable supply and income relevant to2001. In Figure 2, per capita disposablepersonal income is fixed at $14,700,
which assumes no real (adjusted forinflation) change in income for 2000.
Then, total available supply (convertedfrom per-capita to barrels using U.S.
population of 275 million) is variedalong the horizontal axis to demon-
strate the resulting price forecast(vertical axis) based on the averagerelationship between total availablesupply and price between 1991 and1999.
The price forecasts shown in Figure2 are subject to considerable forecasterror, and should be viewed as onlyrough indicators of what prices mightresult from varying levels of totalavailable supply in 2001. Nevertheless,
Figure 2 is valuable in demonstratingwhat prices are likely at various levelsof total supply. For example, if invento-
ries are 4 million barrels at the begin-
ning of the 2001 crop year and the2001 crop is 6 million barrels (totalavailable supply equals 10 millionbarrels), then the chart indicates theseason average grower prices wouldlikely be in the $10 per barrel range.
Figure 2 can also be used to approxi-
mate what level of supply would benecessary to achieve specific pricelevels using volume regulation. Forexample, if growers are seeking a$40.00 per barrel price for the 2001crop year, then the chart shows that thetotal available supply could not exceedabout 8 million barrels.
Cranberries March 2001 Page I IFigure 2:
supply.
90807060a50S400 30cn 2010-
04,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000Total Available Supply, 1,000 bbl

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Wooing the Japanese MarketMassachusetts governor leads trade mission.
by Robert D. Chadbourne with Jeffrey LaFleurMassachusetts Governor Argeo Paul Cellucci led a tradedelegation to Japan on November 27th -29th, 2000 topromote exports from Massachusetts. The delegationincluded a strong contingent from the Massachusetts cranberryindustry. Jeffrey LaFleur of the Cape Cod Cranberry Growers'Association (CCCGA); Graham West, Daniel Arkema, AkiraNakai from Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.; and John C. Decas,
Jeffrey Carlson and Sam Kitadai from Decas Cranberry Prod-
ucts participated. The official delegation also included HouseSpeaker Thomas Finneran and Jay Healy, Commissioner ofthe Department of Food and Agriculture (DFA).
"We went to build upon the generic promotions initiatedby the USDA, Cranberry Marketing Committee (CMC), toaddress consumer awareness, and bring our message of his-
tory, our tradition of the 'family farm' and respect for hardwork -items the Japanese understand very well," said LaFleur,
CCCGA, Executive Director.
"Japan is the second largest economy in the world," saidJeffrey Carlson of Decas Cranberry Sales. "Japanese consum-
ers are focused on healthy products, so it is a natural to expandbusiness there," continued Carlson.
As part of the Governor's official agenda, CMC andCCCGA conducted a press conference in Tokyo, which toutedthe health benefits of cranberries to 35 trade and lifestyle me-
dia and introduced key Massachusetts cranberry industry play-
ers. Thomas Finneran, Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives also delivered remarks. In addition, the Governor anddelegation were hosted at the Ambassador's Residence withover 200 in attendance, many from Japan's food industry. Atthe reception, numerous innovative cranberry dishes were pre-
sented.
The Governor and delegation closed their visit celebratingthe 10th anniversary of the Massachusetts-Hokkaido sister-staterelationship, with a two day Cranberry Fair in Sapporo, at theRaise supermarket chain. Promotions included newspaper-ad-
vertising, in-store cooking demonstrations and highlightingmore than 10 cranberry products. A local TV station, whichbroadcasts to over one million viewers, covered the story. Withseveral media representatives present at each event, CMC andCCCGA expect Massachusetts cranberries will receive signifi-
cant press coverage in trade and consumer media. The seven-
member group left Japan in an optimistic mood. The sessionended with plans for local marketing of the cranberry to beincorporated into Japanese holidays and traditional events.
"I'm sure my offices can make a contribution with a sort of'matchmaker' role plus through sharing of accumulated re-
search," said DFA Commissioner Jay Healy.
Noting the cranberry industry has looked at new marketsin the UK, France, and Israel, Healy and others spotlight thepotential payoff for effective marketing efforts in Japan. Thecountry's tremendous population density is comprised of citi-
zens with discretionary money to spend. Those ingredientspoint to the possibility of very large sales very quickly at a timewhen the industry struggles for some good news.
To reach younger women who have no experience withthe berry, the Cranberry Marketing Committee has establisheda web site in Japanese, which includes cranberry recipes. As aresult of these efforts, the growth in sales, albeit modest, is atleast inching upward.
Overall, U.S. exports of cranberries from the fall of 1999 toAugust 2000 were recorded at 76,000 barrels, an upward blipof 8% for the total market, but seven times the volume of theprevious year. Ocean Spray's 90,000 barrel shipment was upfrom 20,000 a year ago. Industry officials are talking aboutannual sales in Japan reaching $25 million by 2006.
However, even more reassuring in the effort to carve out asignificant niche market in Japan is the total product list wherecranberries are found. Cranberry-covered gummy candies, yo-
gurt-covered cranberries, cranberry soda, and cranberry dough-
nuts enjoy product recognition.
"An American shopper in a Japanese supermarket todaywould find more products with the cranberry as an ingredientthan he or she would in a U.S. store," said David Farrimond,
CMC general manager.
"I hope cranberries can make a hit," said Professor HasaeKobayashi, who teaches Japanese at Connecticut College, andPage 14 March 2001 CranberriesI IJAPAN

stays close to Japanese trends through family visits to enableher to share Japanese lifestyles with her language students.
"Strawberries are extremely popular, and are all imported,"
Said Kobayaski, whose late uncle had a business importingfrozen strawberries from the U.S. However, she quickly pointsout it is the immediate consumption of raw fruit that has be-
come popular, and to succeed with cranberries they need to beconsumed in something else. "Market them in cookies, designnew dessert sweets that include them," she advised.
On visits home, Kobayashi notices Japanese teenagers flockto McDonalds and KFC shops. Store inventories reflect bothtraditional fare and more international products.
"We eat a lot of fish, but we're eating more meat. Ricecontinues to be a staple. The Japanese breakfast includes juice,
breads, toast, eggs, jam," she said. The best Japanese consumerto win over in the effort to launch a new product is the youngwoman, who tends to be the most open to trying new prod-
ucts, Kobayashi added.
"Food quality in a product that is both new to us and fla-
vorful, along with favorable media attention, such as its rolein preventing urinary tract infections, might be just the com-
bination to get that important group lined up behind yourproduct," she said.
"Selling the Japanese a food product they don't know isone tough proposition," said Dr. Harry Sello, a technology con-
sultant based in Menlo Park, California.
Years ago, in an effort to beef up foreign sales of U.S.-grownpeanuts, TV ads featured "dancing peanuts". Promoters assumedthe Japanese household would get a laugh out of the cartoonmessages. Instead they were a serious turn-off, and caused thebuying public to reject the product. It took some five yearsbefore peanut sales finally increased in Japan.
The word "new" is translated differently by the Americanand the Japanese people. To the American, "new" has an ac-
cepted connotation that poses no particular resistance to run-
ning out and buying the product. To the Japanese, "new" is aback-off, go-slow warning, prompting questions such as: Couldour own people produce it? Do they? What's in this new prod-
uct? Is it safe?
"It is best to hire an in-country rep who knows the mar-
kets," said Sello, who immediately contradicts his own advice.
After guiding a foreign product through the murky waters ofJapanese markets, market acceptance may still face culturalbarriers. "The one thing that seems so basic is something theJapanese rep just will not do," said Sello. "He won't go to themerchant and the consumer and ask, 'what's wrong?' That justinvites too much embarrassment."
"U.S. cranberry growers can get where they want to getwith the Japanese, but the route is very different in Japan,"
Sallo said. "Keep in mind, it's a foodstuff. It has a distinctivetaste accepted in the U.S., but not everywhere. Ocean Sprayrecognizes this by constantly mixing the cranberry with otherproducts. Cranberry sauce has a strong link to Thanksgiving,
and the Japanese don't mark Thanksgiving. The Japanese valuelong established business relationships, and cranberry peopleare new faces."
Massachusetts Governor Paul Cellucci examines abottle of cranberry juice with Sam Kitadai, theJapanese trade representative for Decas CranberryProducts. Last November, Gov. Cellucci led a trademission to Japan to promote Massachusetts exports.
The state annually exports nearly $1.5 billion ingoods and services to Japan. The Japanese marketrepresents some 14% of Massachusetts' totalexports, and is the state's second-largest marketafter Canada. (Photo by Jeffrey LaFleur.)
Yet Dr. Gary Lefort, chairman of the School of Interna-
tional Business at American International College in Spring-
field, is quick to add the introduction of the cranberry to theJapanese culture is not out of the question. It just calls forcreative marketing.
When Disney entered Japan, they hired various consultingfirms, including some to focus solely on Japanese culture. TheJapanese consider their culture unique. To reject a presenta-
tion for a product in Japan does not mean it is not a good ideafor another culture. Business history is full of examples of re-
jected proposals that later flourished in Japan with a changein approach.
Can we sell more cranberries to the Japanese? "Yes," an-
swers AIC's Gary Leport, breaking down his reply: "A verytough sell to older residents, something that can succeed withthe young generation with an international focus, and withsnack food products aimed at school kids using eye-catchingpackaging." rCranberries March 2001 Page 15

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-REULA r TORY.1Agriculture Community OptimisticAbout FQPA's FutureIf the new Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) administrator doesn't usesound science to implement the FoodQuality Protection Act (FQPA), agricul-
tural interests in Congress will re-intro-
duce corrective legislation. But they'rehopeful that won't be necessary.
At the American Farm BureauFederation's annual meeting recentlyRep. Allen Boyd (D-Fla.) said he and col-
leagues would reintroduce "The Truth inRegulating Act" as a first step towardmaking the agency follow the law inevaluating pesticides for re-registration,
if they need to.
Boyd said, however, that he is opti-
mistic EPA administrator-designate Chris-
tine Todd Whitman will follow the in-
tent of FQPA in assessing crop protec-
tion products.
Noting that he is a Democrat and un-
acquainted with either Whitman or Presi-
dent-elect Bush, Boyd said, "We're com-
ing out of an administration that hashandled this (FQPA) in a very disappoint-
ing way, and I believe we're going intoan administration that will be more posi-
tive and fair" in its decision-making.
In 1998, Vice President Al Gore di-
rected EPA Administrator Carol Brownerand Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickmanto work together on implementation ofFQPA, basing decisions on sound sci-
ence, transparency, stakeholder input anda transition period if a pesticide were tobe cancelled. A Tolerance ReassessmentAdvisory Committee (TRAC) with stake-
holder members was appointed and itdeveloped a six-step process for reassess-
ment.
But in August 1999, Browner an-
nounced EPA's intent to cancel two orga-
nophosphate pesticides, although the six-
step process hadn't been completed.
However, markup for the bill and Sen-
ate companion legislation, was cancelledas the 200 elections neared and Houseleaders feared the legislation would beviewed as anti-environment.
Boyd said he and colleagues wouldmeet with U.S. Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-
Neb.), the legislation's chief supporter inthe Senate, to reintroduce the legislationif needed. "The best-case scenario is thatwe don't have to pass this legislation,"
he said.
Ed Rukert, a principal in McDermott,
Will & Emery, a Washington, D.C. lawfirm that represents agricultural industryclients before federal agencies, said mak-
ing changes to the FQPA under the newadministration would be "somewhat dif-
ficult," given that it was passed unani-
mously without hearings being held.
The persons appointed to top posi-
tions in EPA and the Agriculture Depart-
ment will play key roles in FQPA, Rukertsaid. Administrator-designate Whitmanhas little experience with ag chemical is-
sues, he said, but is regarded as reason-
able on environmental issues. The indi-
vidual named assistant administrator forPrevention, Pesticides and Toxic Sub-
stances will also influence the issue.
At USDA, Secretary-designate AnnVeneman and her deputy secretary willbe involved with FQPA, Rukert said, butthe person named director of the Officeof Pesticide Management Policy will havethe largest role in interacting with EPA.
He noted, however, that office has some15 employees, compared with hundredsin the corresponding EPA pesticide pro-
grams office.
Agricultural producers should com-
municate the importance of the USDAOffice of Pesticide Management Policy totheir elected representatives and ask thatstaff be increased, he said.
The Bush administration must dealwith several pesticide issues, Rukert said,
including the need for replacement prod-
ucts. Few research dollars are being de-
voted to new products, Rukert said, be-
cause companies that market ag chemi-
cals see more profit potential in their phar-
maceutical divisions.
The experimental-use program needsto be revitalized and transition strategiesneed to be developed, he said, so produc-
ers aren't left high and dry if a product'sregistration is suddenly canceled. rAdvanced EngineRebuilding, Inc.
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References.
176 Main StreetWareham, MA 02571tel. (508) 295-2288toll free: 1-800-427-2688Cranberries March 2001 Page 17I ,

-~REGULATORY1 iFDA Warns Ocean Spray AboutWeb Site Health ClaimsThe Federal Drug Administration(FDA), found fault with Ocean Spray'sinternet web sites -specifically with itslanguage around the health science ofcranberries and grapefruit. A recent"warning letter" to Ocean Spray's CEORobert Hawthorne, signed by GailCostello, District Director of FDA's NewEngland District Office, charged that thelabeling found on the Ocean Spray sitesviolates the Federal Food Drug and Cos-
metic Act.
The letter listed "examples of someof the unauthorized health claims", in-
cluding:
" 'Vitamin C in its 100% juice line ..
.associated with a reduced risk ofchronic diseases such as cancer, cardio-
vascular disease and cataracts,'
'Betacarotene ...is a powerful antioxi-
dant .., associated with a reduced risk ofsome cancers. Both the Surgeon General'sReport and the National ResearchCouncil's Report concluded that eatingplenty of foods high in beta-carotene mayprotect against some epithelial cancers,'
'... citrus fruits may protect against non-
hormone dependent cancers,' 'Fla-
vonoids .. .reduce intravascular bloodclotting... stroke prevention,'' ... cran-
berries may also prevent certain harmfulbacteria in the mouth from sticking tothe teeth ..bacteria associated with pe-
riodontal gum disease,' 'Cranberry juicecocktail significantly inhibited the E. colibacteria, which cause 80 to 90 percent ofUTIs, from adhering to the urinary tract,'
'Vitamin C ... helps prevent hemorrhag-
ing .. .and helps prevent viral infectionssuch as the common cold ... ' "
The company responded with a for-
mal reply to the FDA and by adjustingthe company's web sites in response tothe agency's concerns.
Page 18 March 2001 CranberriesIn postings on the company's Intra-
net and Extranet sites, Ocean Spray notedthe FDA warning appears to be advisingthat "a food company's web site is an ex-
tension of its product label" which wouldrequire food health science claims to"conform to more stringent standards offood labeling, as if those words wereprinted directly on the label."
This could be a new interpretation ofthe law that "could very well become afree speech issue for both companies andthe public," the internal company sitesnoted.
FunctionalityThe health message is a popular newtrend in the beverage industry, accord-
ing to Beverage World. The magazine's April2000 issue featured an article on "nutri-
ent-enhanced" beverages, a categorywhich includes juices, teas and energydrinks.
"In an industry in which the hottestthing going is plain water in a plasticbottle, it seems crystal clear thatfunctionals are where the beverage in-
trigue and innovation will be in the firstyears of the young century," Beverage Worldnoted. The segment is forecast to increaseto over $370 million in wholesale sales,
up from $27 million in 1997. FDA hasbeen allowing dietary supplements to bear"structure/function" claims without priorreview as long as they were supported bya body of research, the article said.
Cranberry health messageBesides Ocean Spray, NorthlandCranberries, Inc., and Decas ProductSales also offer cranberry health messagesand links on their Internet sites.
Last year the Cranberry Institutejointly funded $174,000 worth of healthand medical research with the Wiscon-
sin Cranberry Board. The eight projects,
now nearing completion, include deter-
mination of antioxidants in cranberries,
an evaluation of biologically active com-
ponents in cranberries, and the possibil-
ity of cranberry supplementation for re-
ducing risks for diabetics. Health re-
search results are featured on CI's website,
www.cranberryinstitute.org.
The Cranberry Marketing Commit-
tee recently approved a generic promo-
tion agenda to publicize a positive healthmessage in conjunction with CI researchfindings. -
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Valuing Cranberries Since 1976Arthur E. Clapp ARACLAPP APPRAISALSAPPRAISALS * CONSULTINGPost Office Box 116 * Tolland, Connecticut 06084Telephone: (860) 872-2373 * Fax: (860) 872-3480ATLANTIC IRRIGATIONS -H WE COVER IT ALL* Irrigation System Design* Service and Installation* Supplies* Fusion Machines From 2-12 inchAtlantic Irrigation1 Atlantic Ave.
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INCORPORATEDA TAX PRACTICEIndividual, Partnership, Corporate and Trust Income Tax PreparationAccountingEstate and Medicaid Planning65 Main Street * Lakeville, MA 02347Tel: 508-947-2455 * Fax: 508-947-0698 * E-mail: rparent@tmlp.comComplete Payroll ServicesWhite Juicefor the SprayLakeville, Mass. -It worked forgrapes, but not for Pepsi, and nowOcean Spray is looking for clearsuccess with something similar -whitecranberry juice.
"Project Big Gulp", a almost color-
less, slightly less tangy juice, is beingoffered in taste for growers attendingcooperative's regional meetings.
The new juice is made from cran-
berries picked early, before the skinreddens, but has all the nutritionalbenefits of regular cranberry juice, saidOcean Spray spokesman ChristopherPhillips. And unlike regular cranberryjuice, it won't stain if youngsters spill it,
he said.
Ocean Spray officials hope it won'tfollow the market path of Clear Pepsi,
which bombed. They prefer theexample of white grape juice.
"White grape juice is now 38percent of Welch's market and it hasnot affected sales of purple grape juice,"
Phillips said.
He said it should be on storeshelves by Aug. 31.
CRANBERRYGROWERSREALTYListings of buyers and sellerswelcomed on cranberryacreage and upland.
Appraisals.
DOUGLAS R. BEATONE. SANDWICH, Mass. 02537(508) 888-1288Cranberries March 2001 Page 19

In the Lyme-LightThe bacterium responsible for Lyme disease, Borreliaburgdorferi (Bb), is the subject of this eclectic and easy-to-read"biography." This microbe, only discovered and described 19years ago, has been around for millenia, Karlen explains, andis far more widespread than researchers originally imagined.
He paints a landscape of Bb's evolution and life cycle -a topicthat holds more than a passinggrowers who have hosted thepathogen or at the very least areat high risk.
Biologists might be a bitimpatient through Karlen'schapters which deal with bac-
terial structure, species nomen-
clature, and diversity. But theselay the groundwork for his laterimportant discussion of thephysiology, immunology andecology of the Borrelia spiro-
chete bacterium and relatedspecies.
Because of the biographicalapproach to the bacterium, weare introduced to germs not asbad organisms, but rather asmicrobes living lives that occa-
sionally interact with humans,
and then only occasionallyprove pathogenic to us. This isa good perspective to have -acontrast with the modern me-
dia-mongered dictum to kill allgerms where we live, eat, work,
and play.
Karlen acquaints us with thespirochete family, three generaof which produce human ill-
ness. Most notable is Treponemapallidum, which causes four well-
known and serious diseases:
pinta and yaws (tropical skin(
diseases), bejel (non-venerealsyphilis), and venereal syphilis.
interest for many cranberryAbove:The deer tick, Ixodes scaprector. Unengorged female deeron right. (Adapted from Pfizer's lay pBottom: Borrelia burgdorferi is the:auses Lyme disease. (American S(
nicroscopic photo by Jeffrey Nelson, FAmong the human-pathogenic spirochetes, all three areclever at altering their surface proteins to confound their hosts'immune systems. All can cause long-term, chronic infections.
All have some degree of affinity for brain tissue and can causeneurological symptoms. None produce toxins; instead, many ofthe symptoms they cause result from hosts' immune reactions.
The author's use of a family tree starts to tie together seem-
ingly disparate reports relatedto Lyme disease: puzzling re-
currence of a variety of symp-
toms, lack of 100% efficacy ofthe vaccine based on specificouter-surface proteins, falsepositive reading for syphilisSproduced by Lyme, etc.
By some measures, thepace of investigation on Lymedisease in the past two decadesS i has been very fast. For in-
stance, the entire genome(DNA sequence) was mappedS .in 1997. As the book shows,
however, by other measuresthe pace of investigation wasfrustrating slow. Considerthat the evidence was alreadyaccumulating in Europe bythe turn of the century relat-
ing the characteristic rash,
erythema migrans (EM), bothto a bacterial pathogen, andto more serious neurologicalsymptoms in humans.
Consider that in 1975, anoutbreak of fevers, aches andswollen joints in the vicinityof Lyme, Connecticut, was re-
ularis, is the Lyme disease peatedly misdiagnosed as ju-
tick on left, engorged female venile rheumatoid arthritis, at)ublic Lyme disease brochure.) thousands of times the nor-
e spirochete bacterium whichociety for Microbiology, dark-field mal incidence of the persis-
ush University, Chicago, IL..)
tence of two mothers in Lyme.
Page 20 March 2001 Cranberries"BIOGRAPHY OF A GERM"
by Arno Karlen(Pantheon Books, New York, 2000,
hardback 178 pp., $22.00)
IIIBOOK REVIEW

It took the accidental discovery of thespirochete by the tick specialist WillyBurgdorfer, seeking another tick-bornebacterium, Rocky Mountain spotted fe-
ver, to make clear the significance of this"new" disease. And it took several moreyears for researchers to realize that it wasnot new at all.
I find few faults with the book. Mostimportant, it's too brief for my level ofinterest in the topic: especially the exciingsections ondiscovery of the spirochete.
For a wider-ranging book in the samevein, one can read "Man and Microbes:
Diseases and Plagues in History andModern Times," published in 1996(Touchstone, paperback) by the same au-
thor. My other complaint is that it lacksan index.
I value the author's even-handed treat-
ment of the chronic Lyme medical con-
troversy, as well as the "don't shootBambi" controversy which paralyzes high-
risk suburbs. The book is a fascinating Rt.
one, and I recommend it to anyone curi- (5Cous about Lyme disease. p-
-Don Weber, Ocean Spray CranberriesSUREW-FLOSelf-Cleaning StrainersNew features makeThe Best even Better50 to Strainers50 to work in2,500 gpm any positionAvailable withSURE-FLO Foot ValvesCranberries March 2001 Page 21Truck CpsFor more information call or write:
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Reasons for Reducing PhosphorusApplicationsby the Mineral Nutrition Working Group*
Phosphorus fertilizer recommendations for cran-
berry production that has been promoted by research andpracticed by growers for decades is now being re-examined inlight of federal and state non-point pollution regulations. Pre-
vious legislation to reduce pollution was aimed at "pointsources" that were largely industrial, such as factories, land-
fills and municipal sewage plants. Regulators are now focusingattention on pollution coming from multiple entry points.
Some examples are construction site run off, municipal stormsewer systems and agriculture. These systems gather materialsfrom multiple sources (non-point), though their output may bea point source. Non-point pollutants are typically not heavymetals or chemicals that endure in the environment. Non-
point pollutants typically are nutrients such as nitrogen andphosphorus, organic materials (decomposed leaves) or sedi-
ments. Regulators are interested in nutrients, such as phos-
phorus, that may be applied in excess amounts and stimulateunwanted algal growth in water bodies.
The amount of P necessary to produce unwanted algal growthis quite small, approximately one-tenth the amount that is dis-
solved in soil moisture. A cranberry grower's challenge is toprovide adequate P for cranberry without allowing smallamounts to "leak" into surface water.
Growers know, and research backs this up, that phospho-
rus fertilizer application increases cranberry yields. Becausephosphorus fertilizer is used in cranberry production, the po-
tential exists for phosphorus to exit production areas throughtailwater systems. Although initial phosphorus concentrationsin water may be minute, when multiplied by the total amountof water put through a system annually, the total amount ofphosphorus may accumulate significantly.
How can a grower be an efficient producer and at the sametime protect water quality and the environment? Cranberryscientists who work on mineral nutrition have some suggestions.
Testing for phosphorusHow can a grower tell if the vines contain enough phos-
phorus? A tissue test in mid-August to mid-September will in-
dicate whether a fertilizer program provided sufficient phos-
phorus. The sufficiency range for phosphorus in a tissue test is0.1 to 0.2 percent. Our experience is that most samples arearound 0.1 percent and that seems sufficient to produce a fullcrop.
Soil tests for phosphorus in cranberry beds have little cor-
relation with crop yields. Indeed, when tissue and soil phos-
phorus test results are plotted the result is a scatter plot withno clear relationship (Fig. 1). Several factors may cause thisresult. Water and soil in cranberry production areas are fre-
quently high in iron, which interferes with the soil test. Soiltests for phosphorus were developed for annual agronomiccrops, such as cereals, growing on mineral soils. The soils areextracted with a week acid that is supposed to remove the frac-
tion of the total soil P that is plant available. A better extrac-
tion solution for cranberry soils has not yet been developed.
Most soils contain large amounts of phosphorus in the min-
eral fraction (sand, silt and clay). The vast majority of this phos-
phorus is not plant available.
Cranberry vines contain substantial amounts of nutrientsthat are recycled from season to season. Because cranberriesare a perennial crop, not all of the phosphorus used to pro-
duce a crop is taken up during that growing season.
Research shows no yield response to added P fertilizer be-
yond 20 pounds per acre annually or 45 pounds P205 per acreper year. Sandy soils may need smaller amounts of P applied inmultiple dosages. Using fertilizers like 6-24-24 may providephosphorus in excess of what plants can take up or use. Re-
gardless of the fertilizer analysis used, apply only what the cran-
berry plant requires based on leaf tissue monitoring and re-
search results.
* The Mineral Nutrition Working Group which authored this article includes Teryl Roper, Joan Davenport, John Hart, Carolyn DeMoranville,
Art Poole, Tod Planer, Saratha Kumidini and Barbara Larson.
Page 22 March 2001 CranberriesREEAC

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Soil P (Ibs/a)
350 400 450 500Figure I. The relationship between soil testphosphorus and tissue test phosphorus from samplescollected in Wisconsin. Note that greaterconcentrations of phosphorus in the soil does notcorrespond to greater concentrations of phosphorusin the uprights.
TimingTiming applications for maximum uptake is also impor-
tant. The recommendation is to apply no P until late spring,
about the time flowers begin to open, and then to apply 20pounds actual P split into two to three doses. The reason forthis recommended timing is that phosphorus is released fromsoils as they dry following the winter/spring wet period. Soilchemistry also changes as oxygen is re-introduced to the soil(going from anaerobic to aerobic). We know that phosphatereacts readily with iron, aluminum and manganese ions insoils to form insoluble compounds and that these reactionsoccur rather quickly in the soil. Frequent light applications ofP is better than one or two large doses.
Leaching potentialTraditional wisdom is that phosphorus does not leach be-
cause it chemically binds to the soil so readily. However, re-
cent research has shown that phosphorus will leach throughsoils when almost all of the exchange sites are full. Continuedapplication of P fertilizer in excess of plant needs will fill thesesites sooner and result in higher probability of phosphorusleaving the property. Runoff is a concern if a significant rainevent (1+ inches) quickly follows a fertilizer application. Takecare to apply all fertilizer materials to the plant area and awayfrom ditches and water bodies.
We call on cranberry growers to be prudent in their use ofphosphorus fertilizer to prevent the movement of phosphorusfrom cranberry farms to related water bodies. Doing so willincrease farm profitability without reducing yields and will fur-
ther demonstrate a concern toward the environment. -
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NEW IMPROVED 2001DRY HARVESTERLast year we redesigned our Darlington Dry Harvester topick today's larger crops faster with less bruising. In the2000 harvest we were pleased with the results. Our improvedharvester was able to pick 300 barrel per acre crops, takinga full machine width pass, without overloading theconveyor. During harvest 2000 we recognized the need fora few more changes that have since been incorporated intothe 2001 model. This winter we have built four newharvesters that will sell at a discount off the 2001 price.
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On the State of the Industryand Volume Regulationby Bill KiernanThe problemAt the beginning of 2001, cranberrygrowers faced the third year of prices atabysmal levels. Crop returns have droppedfrom a high of the $60 -80 a barrel rangethree years ago to as low as $10 to $20 abarrel in 1999. At the conclusion of the2000 harvest, we were saddled with a to-
tal available supply in excess of 10.4 mil-
lion barrels. If you believe the economists,
returns are likely to be in the $10/Bblrange for the 2000 crop.
Nationally, the average cost of produc-
tion to grow cranberries is probably inthe $25 to $30 range, (before paying in-
terest and the owner) which means grow-
ers will likely lose significant amounts ofmoney for the third consecutive year.
Since most growers have been liquidat-
ing their balance sheets and borrowingto survive, it will not long before signifi-
cant farm failures begin to occur.
BlameIn times of stress, people tend to lookfor scapegoats on which to blame theirproblems. In the last couple of years Ihave witnessed this industry expend tre-
mendous energy to assign blame for ourproblems. Growers blaming their han-
dlers, handlers blaming each other, grow-
ers fighting back and forth over theInternet. None of us though, are withoutresponsibility. Critics of Ocean Sprayblame the cooperative for the surplusproblem since they encouraged planting.
And yet, those same critics also encour-
aged planting with promises to growersof "$80 cranberries". All of us, includinggrowers, are at fault for ignoring the re-
peated warnings of economists of surpluspotential.
What we need to realize is that this isjust the hard reality of life in a capitalistPage 24 March 2001 Cranberrieseconomy. Surplus productive capacityhappens quite regularly in many indus-
tries, especially agriculture. When thereis money to be made, businesses expand,
new producers enter, and productive ca-
pacity of the industry often increases fasterthan demand. Inevitably, surpluses occurwith the resultant drop in prices.
To assign blame does nothing morethan absorb energy that could be used tofind a solution to the problem. I was oncetold "No matter how hard you try, youcan never change the past, so focus yourenergy on what you can change, which isthe future." We would all do well to takethis wisdom to task.
The solutionIn order for prices to improve, ourindustry must do one of two things. Itmust either reduce productive capacitypermanently, or it must grow demandpermanently. Since the only way to re-
duce productive capacity permanently isfor farms to fail, we must strive to increasedemand to absorb what we can now pro-
duce.
Building demand in this industry willbe a long and expensive process. If noth-
ing is done to control supply while demandis grown, the surplus will continue to build,
and grower prices will remain poor.
The CMOThe Cranberry Marketing Order pro-
vides the US cranberry grower with apowerful tool with which to control sup-
ply, and to halt the building surplus whilewe grow demand. This tool could helpminimize farm failures that are inevitableif "free market" forces alone were allowedto solve our problem.
Supply control reduces the amount offruit growers can sell, causing a reduc-
tion in revenues. However, each of thethree independent economists who havestudied the situation, have told us thatthis revenue reduction would be morethan offset by increased grower prices.
The case for grower allotmentUnder the current marketing order,
there are only two methods of reducingsupply: the handler withholding programand the grower allotment program. A han-
dler withholding program reduces sup-
ply via handler disposal of a certain per-
centage of fruit that growers deliver. Agrower allotment limits the amount offruit that could be delivered by the grower.
Which one is better for growers?
I notice that when considering mar-
keting orders, growers tend to focus juston price per barrel and the amount offruit that they could sell, or the factorsthat determine their gross revenue. Manyseem to ignore the third critical consid-
eration of how each type of supply con-
trol will influence expenses and cost ef-
ficiency. A grower allotment or handlerwithholding program will likely havesimilar effects on price per barrel and thenumber of barrels a grower could sell.
Therefore, isn't the grower's best choicethe scenario that minimizes costs andconsequently maximizes profit (or reduceslosses)?
Yes, handler withholding would workto control supply, and all handlers shouldbe commended for supporting some sortof volume regulation. But would it improvegrower's net income? In my opinion, no.
Handler withholding's fatal flaw is thateliminates only fruit that is produced. Withthis type of market order, growers do notget credit for reducing productive poten-
tial. This would force them to focus onmaximizing gross revenue by producing asICOMMENTARY

much fruit as possible, while eliminat-
ing their option to minimize expensesthrough reduced inputs or by temporarilyremoving their least productive acreagefrom production. Even though reducedsupply would improve prices for thegrower, this gain would be offset by thecost of growing fruit that would need tobe disposed, plus the disposition coststhat their handlers would pass on to them.
Another significant disadvantage is thenegative press that would inevitably fol-
low the destruction of food. Rememberthe US dumping of wheat into the oceanin the 1970s?
Unlike handler withholding, thegrower allotment has significant advan-
tages for growers in that they get creditfor reducing productive potential. Underthis scenario, growers could opt to notgrow a crop on their least productive acre-
age, or reduce inputs on all their acre-
age, in order to grow only that fruit whichthey could sell. The grower would nothave to expend costs to grow fruit thatwould need to be thrown away, and wouldnot have to pay for its disposal. This way,
growers could maximize their efficiencyby reducing total costs, and by minimiz-
ing their cost/bbl on fruit that could besold. Supply would be effectively con-
trolled, prices would improve, and growerswould maximize their bottom line by re-
ducing costs to the lowest possible levels.
Although the debate over the market-
ing order is a critical one for growers, itseems to be dominated by handlers. Sinceit could significantly impact their busi-
nesses, handlers have been vocal aboutwhat type of volume regulation they thinkis appropriate. Handlers and the USDAmust remember that the primary purposeof the marketing order is help farmers;
the concerns of all others must be sec-
ondary to this mission.
ConclusionSupply control is critical to growersurvival. I urge growers to take charge oftheir destiny and lend their voices in sup-
port of the method of supply control thatwould provide them with the most ben-
efit. It is my opinion that a producer al-
lotment marketing order is the best pos-
sible way to accomplish supply reductionand maximize benefits for the grower.W-
Financial Assistance forScholarships and MedicalAssistance is available forCranberry Growers, theirEmployees and the familiesof both when financial needcan be shown.
For information, contact:
URANN FOUNDATIONc/o Fleet National Bank, TrusteeMail Stop: MA DE 10005C100 Federal StBoston, MA 02110Telephone: 617-434-8778e-mail: Laura_C_McGregor@Fleet.comReaders are welcome to respondto Cranberries articles and offerviews and analysis of industrytrends and issues. Write to:
Carolyn Gilmore, EditorCranberriesP.O. Box 190Rochester, MA 02770Fax: (508) 753-4141E-mail: cranberries @ mediaone.netCranberries March 2001 Page 25Full service Certified Public Accountantsand Business Advisors serving the needsof the Agriculture communitj.
CARLN, CHARRON & ROSEN LLPCertified Public Accountants and Business AdvisersWorcester Boston, Middleboro, Providence, Leominster, SouthbridgeAnn Hudson, CPA, Partner508-926-2234 www.ccrweb.comMassachusetts Growers

MassachusettsCape Cod Cranberry Growers' As-
sociation Annual Winter Meeting,
March 2, Plymouth-Sheraton. Contact:
(508) 295-4895.2001 UMass Annual Cranberry Re-
search and Extension Update, Satur-
day, March 17, 8 a.m. -noon. WarehamHigh School. 2 contact hours in the cran-
berry certification. Cranberry Station:
(508) 295-2212.
Beginners Cranberry School, Cran-
berry Station Library, Tuesday, April24, 5-9 p.m. For new growers or as a re-
view for experienced growers. 2 contacthours in the cranberry certification.
WisconsinCranberry Marketing Committee,
March 4-5, starting 8:30 a.m., Mead Inn,
Wisconsin Rapids. (508) 291-1510.
Issues Forum, 9 -noon, Friday, March9, Wood County Courthouse Auditorium,
Wisconsin Rapids..A mini-clinic for grow-
ers and others: WSCGA, (715) 423-2070.
New BrunswickAtlantic Cranberry ManagementCourse, March 26-27, Best Western Crys-
tal Palace, Moncton. Call: MelvinGoodland, NB Growers' Assoc., (506) 379-
1886 or e-mail to bayview@nb.sympatico.caCROP POLLINATION&
CRANBERRY HAULINGfor Wet Harvest"We appreciate yourbusiness."
Page 26 March 2001 CranberriesFarm for SaleVictoriaville, Quebec, 35 acres in productionfor cranberries, big luxurious house, and 356acres in forest. $2,400,000 Can.
Inf: Fernand Noel 819 758-6441,
fax 819 758-3293,
e-mail: fernand.noel@remaxbf.com(RE/MAX bois-francs court.)
Classified Ad Rates$22.00 for first 16 words. $.50 extra peradditional word and for bold and underlines.
Ads must be pre-paid.To assure accuracy, pleasetype or print your ad copy clearly. Deadline: 30days before publication date.
Send check/money order to:
CranberriesP.O. Box 190Rochester, MA 02770-0190AGRICULTURAL LABORERS* USE THE WORKERS YOU NEED,
WHEN YOU NEED THEM.
* WE DO ALL THE BOOKKEEPING.
* TRANSPORTATION PROVIDED.
* CALL 24 HOURS A DAY, 7 DAYS A WEEK.
SCP SERVICES, INC.
MASSACHUSETTS: (617) 803-7622WISCONSIN: (715) 423-9677Give Us aBreakFarmers who used income averagingto compute their income taxes in 1999or 1998 may be eligible for a tax refund.
The IRS now says that farmers showinga negative taxable income from their farm-
ing business can use the loss in the in-
come averaging formula. Previous IRSinstructions directed farmers to increasesuch negative figures to zero.
With the averaging method, a farmerfirst subtracts the current year's farmingincome from his or her total taxable in-
come and computes the tax due on thisreduced amount of income. Next, tax ontotal farming income earned in the pre-
vious three years is figured and dividedby three. The farmer's tax liability for thecurrent year equals the sum of the twoamounts.
If your farming business has producedlosses and you used income averaging tofigure your taxes, you may want to file anamended tax return. Check with youraccountant for further information. aNameCranberries CompanySubscription AddressOrder FormCityState/Prov ___ __Zip/CodeThe National Cranberry Magazine since 1936. Eleven issues per year.
Rates: U.S., one year $25; two years $45Canada, one year $30; two years $55 Elsewhere, $35 per year.
To order, send U.S. draft to:
Cranberries, P.O. Box 190, Rochester, MA 02770-0190 USA

immmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmimmmmmmmmmimmmmmmmI__. Cranberry Field Guides* INr Cranberry Insects Compendium of 6I oof the Northeast BlueberryI A guide to identification, and CranberryDiseasesby Anne L. Averill Land Martha M. Sylvia Edited by Frank L. CarusoSi1998, University of and Donald C. RamsdellMassachusetts Extension 1995, APS PressSFeaturing insect life cycles, identification of pest prob- Identify, control, and prevent diseases and disorders oflems and insect keys with clear explanations of man- cranberries and blueberries.
Sagement methods.
87 pages; 193 color photographs; 73 b&w illustrationsSpiral bound, 8 1/2 x 11" 247 color photos, 48 b&w U.S. $35 plus $3.50 shipping; Elsewhere $44, includesphotos, 38 drawings, 112 pages. $35, with shipping. surface shipping.
I For either guide, send U.S. check or money order to:
m CranberriesSP.O. Box 190m Rochester, MA 02770-0190mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmMateria s WantedLoam, Sand & GravelQuantities of 500 yards and up in Southeastern Massachusetts.
Will dig bog to rough grade.
Sam White & SonsParticles swell to 30 Sand & Graveltimes their size whenwet and hold 300 to M efild, A400 times theirweight in water. Foruse in new bogconstruction orwhen rebuilding. (508) 359-7291q---I-II

J r e n I u i ce1OOJuic CrerryYou know it's good.TOcean Spray Cranberries, Inc. Lakeville/Middleboro, MA 02349An Equal Opportunity Employer_
msc )