Cranberries - The National Cranberry Magazine, 2002-06

              Since 1936An evolutionary pair: the cranberry and the bumblebee.
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anberriesC ^ e Since 1936June 2002 Vol. 66 No. 5Our 66th year.
POLLINATION6 Honey Bees, Bumblebees & OthersTen years of observation sheds some light on what actuallyhappens in the field with pollinators.
by Dan Schiffhauer and Dr. Jim CaneRESEARCHI I 2002 Research Feels the Economic Pinchby Matthew T. PittsGeneric promotion initiatives fuel scientific investigations.
FARM MANAGEMENT16 People: A Company's Most Valuable AssetA short primer on how to bring out the best in your employees.
CORPORATE18 Northland Reports Steady ProgressPRODUCTS20 Health Snacks with a CrunchA company that likes to keep its selection interestingdevelops a dried fruit snack intense with flavor and texture.
MASSACHUSETTS21 New Ag Commissioner Steps Up22 Cranberry Station and Field NotesCover: Bumblebees possess the unique ability to vibrate their head andmouthparts like a tuning fork, causing the pollen to rain out of the cranberryflower. This makes sense in a co-evolutionary sense: bumblebees andcranberry evolved with each other and both the plant and the bee benefitfrom the pollination mechanism that has arisen. See article starting on page6. (Photo by Dan Schiffhauer.)
Cranberries June 2002 Page 3

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Honey Bees, Bumblebees & Othersby Dan Schiffhauer -Ocean Spray Cranberries,Inc.
and Dr. Jim Cane -USDA Bee Lab, Logan, UtahFew subjects cause as much concern and debate in cranberryproduction as pollination. One thing that everyone seems to agreeon is the need for bees. Cranberry pollen is held inside the floweranthers and is not easily wind disseminated. Additionally, cran-
berry pollen is released in clumps of four grains (tetrads), whichmakes for a rather large pollen that tends to fall to earth. Windpollination of cranberry has been conclusively shown to be verylimited; bees are needed to transfer pollen.
The question of which bees are capable and/or effective pol-
linators of cranberry is one of the most hotly contested. We havecompiled results from research conducted on cranberry pollina-
tion over the last 10 years. We certainly have not answered allpollination questions, but some results shed light on what actu-
ally happens in the field with bees.
How much pollen is required for fruit set?
Knowing the plant side of the pollination equation is impor-
tant if proper evaluation of bees is to be accomplished. In orderto answer this question we raised cranberry plants in plastic cy-
lindrical containers typically used for raising tree seedlings forforestry purposes. These Aconetainers@ allowed us to then iso-
late individual flowers on uprights, invert them under a stereomi-
croscope and transfer known amounts of pollen.
We used 6 different levels of pollen: 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32tetrads. We replicated these differ-
ent pollen levels many times andrepeated this experiment over two Fig. I. Percent Set vs. Stsuccessive years in the greenhouse.
Individual flowers were emascu-
lated so that there was no chance .80of self-pollination and the plantswere held in the greenhouse for 60 -
evaluation. Seventy days after pol- I 40lination the resulting fruit were :
picked, weighed, and dissected for 20-
seed count. The most importantpiece of data from this experimentwas percent set: What percentage 0of flowers set fruit at each of the different pollen levels. Thatresult is shown in Fig. 1.
We had one very small, seedless fruit formed at the 0 pollenlevel. At the 2 and 4 tetrad levels % set was just a bit over 40%,
but you will note that at the 8 tetrad level the % set jumped up to70% and that there was no increase in set even at the higherlevels of 16 and 32 tetrads. Fruit weight (Fig. 2) followed the samebasic pattern: increasing fruit size up to the 8 tetrad level and aleveling off after 8 tetrads with very little additional size gain withhigher pollen levels.
The % set and weight data are in agreement on a critical pol-
lination threshold of 8 tetrads. Once the flower stigma receives 8or more pollen tetrads, fruit set and size are basically maximized.
What about bees?
Once the pollination needs of the plant are known, the nextlogical question is what are the various bees delivering in terms ofpollen. We measured pollen deposition by various bee species interms of a single flower visit. We exposed virgin flowers to thedifferent bees and watched carefully for visitation. When a beeleft a flower after one visit, we picked that flower, brought it backto the lab and counted the pollen on the stigma. We countedstigmatic pollen by carefully excising the end of the stigma andcrushing and staining it on a glass slide; counts were then doneunder a microscope. Some of this work was done in a large screentigmatic Load.
Page 6 June 2002 CranberriesIPOLLINATION

Fig. 2. Fruit Size v. Stigmatic Load.
3t -
EUOa)
N.5.
LL10-I I I I I I0 5 10 15 20 25# Tetradscage (6'x12'x18'), some was done by covering areas of cranberry arbeds with a very lightweight material (Remay) used for covering bestrawberry plants to prevent frost injury, hiFigure 3 shows the stigmatic loading rates of four different nebee species; the honey bee, (Apis mellifera), the alfalfa leafcutter B(
bee, (Megachile rotundata), a locally abundant wild bee, (Megachile abaddenda), and a common bumblebee, (Bombus affinis). Honey bees thlargely forage for nectar on NJ cranberry beds, but a small por- thtion will also forage for pollen as well. Data was collected on nohoney bees for each behavior and the results are designated (N) Cfor nectar gathering and (P) for pollen foraging. The other three vibees typically collect both nectar and pollen from the flowers lethey visit. The horizontal dashed line between 0 and 20 tetrads/ thFig. 3. Stigmatic Loading by Bees.
E.ILa)I-
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it would seem that bumblebees are theo logical choice for cranberry pollinationand that a grower would be best servedI (Please turn page.)
Cranberries June 2002 Page 7stigma on the figure represents the 8tetrad level that was determined to bethe critical threshold for cranberry pol-
lination in greenhouse experiments.
Virgin flowers that were not visitedby bees had an average of 1.2 tetrads.
Obviously there is some wind move-
ment of cranberry pollen, but the levelthat ends up on the-flower-stigma iswell below that necessary to set a fruit.
Honey bees foraging for nectar left anaverage of 7 tetrads per single flowervisit, which although close to thethreshold, is slightly lower. Note themuch higher level of pollen transfer byhoney bees that are foraging for pol-
len. Pollen foraging honey bees areobviously a vastly superior pollinatorof cranberry and inducing higher lev-
els of pollen foraging by honey beeson cranberry remains one of the maingoals of my research. The alfalfa30 35 leafcutter bee and M. addenda are twobees that are quite different from ei-
ther honey bees or bumblebees; theyare solitary bees. That is, they don'thave a social structure with a queenid division of labor that you see with honey bees or bumble-
.es. Each female solitary bee forms her own nest and leaves be-
nd offspring. The resulting bee larvae (young) eat pollen andectar gathered by their mother, in this case from cranberry beds.
oth bees leave pollen on the cranberry flower at a level well)ove the threshold of 8 tetrads. Bumblebees leave, on average,
.e highest level of pollen on cranberry flowers. This is not really.at much of a surprise. Remember that the honey bee is notative to North America, but the cranberry and bumblebees are.
ranberry pollen is held in the anthers and has to be removed bybrating the flower in some manner. Honey bees, the alfalfaafcutter bee, and M. addenda all accomplish this by drummingie flower with their legs. Bumblebees possess the unique abilityto vibrate their head and mouthpartslike a tuning fork and this causes thepollen to rain out of the cranberryflower. This makes sense in a co-evo-
58.2 lutionary sense: bumblebees and cran-
.6 -berry evolved with each other and boththe plant and the bee benefit from thepollination mechanism that has arisen.
The numbers gameBased on the preceding sections,

(Continued from previous page.)
to purchase bumblebee colonies. However, as with most thingsbiological, it's not that simple. Although bumblebees are unequivo-
cally the best pollinator on a bee by bee basis, the pollination ofcommercial cranberry beds involves other calculations. Specifi-
cally, how do you visit all of the flowers that are present? Squarefoot counts routinely yield results in the range of 400 uprights/
ft2.If one presumes that 2 the uprights are blooming in a givenseason, and that there are 3 open, receptive flowers on each ofthose uprights at a given time, the total number of flowers/acreworks out to 26,136,000. Extrapolating from square foot countsto a per acre basis is always highly subjective, but the basic factremains: there are a lot of flowers that need to be visited in orderto accomplish good set on a cranberry bed.
Commercial bumblebee colonies are typically expected to haveabout 100 foragers per colony, although in my limited experiencethey frequently have less. Bumblebees work flowers at a fasterpace than honey bees, work longer hours, and will work underwetter/colder conditions than honeybees, but a healthy cranberrybed remains a veritable sea of flowers. A strong honey bee colonywill have 20,000 foragers at a minimum, a 200-fold increase overthe bumblebee colony. Referring back to Figure 3, Stigmatic Load-
ing By Bees, it is important to remind the reader that those num-
bers were derived from single flower visits; that is, the flowerswere visited one time by a bee and then removed for counting.
Who knows how often individual cranberry flowers are visitedby bees during bloom? We suspect that under the current systemutilizing honeybee colonies flowers are visited multiple times andthat pollen deposition is additive. This does not mean that wethink honey bees are superior pollinators of cranberry; bumble-
bees clearly are on a per bee basis, but in terms of getting enoughforagers on a bed in a short enough time span to effectively polli-
nate the crop, honey bees have a decided advantage.
We have had bumblebee advocates tell us that almost all ef-
fective cranberry pollination is accomplished by bumblebees,
that honey bees are little more than nectar thieves. Wild bumble-
bee numbers tend to be inversely related to the ratio ofcranberry bed acreage to surrounding woodland. In otherwords, on small farms with a lot of surrounding woodsone tends to find much higher numbers of bumblebees(and other wild bees) than on large farms. New Jersey hasseveral very large farms and one is over 1,000 acres.
Bumblebee numbers on that farm tend to be fairly lowdue to the very high cranberry to woodland ratio and ifTop: Honey bee pollinates a cranberry blossom. Astrong colony will have at least 20,000 foragers.
The middle picture shows cranberry pollen.
Bottom: Laboratory investigations determining percentset at different pollen levels. (Photos by Dan Schiffhauer.)
Page 8 June 2002 Cranberries

honey bees were in fact ineffective pollinators one would ex-
pect per acre yield on this farm to be low. In fact, per acre yieldon this farm is one of the highest in the state, with beds over500 barrels/acre in some years. It is very difficult, if not impos-
sible, to imagine how the limited numbers of bumblebees andwild bees on this farm could manage the entire pollinationload.
This does not mean that honey bees are ideal and that alter-
native pollinators should not be encouraged. Honey bees face awealth of problems: Varroa and tracheal mites, small hive beetle,
and of course, Africanized bees. We have worked with solitarybees such as the alfalfa leafcutter bee and M. addenda hoping tofind a suitable alternative to honey bees, but as yet cannot recom-
mend a substitute. Bumblebees are superior pollinators of cran-
berry, but given the price per colony ($62.50) we think it wouldbe far too expensive to field the numbers necessary. Environmen-
tal modifications to encourage wild bumblebees, such as the plant-
ing of favored forage plants or the creation of nesting sites, prob-
ably are the best long term goals for our industry. Ideally what weshould strive for is a system where there are multiple pollinatorspresent. A mix of honey bees, bumble bees, and perhaps an inex-
pensive solitary bee would be very robust and greatly reduce therisk of pollination failure.
Cranberry is not a favored forage plant for the honey bee.
The pollen is not easily available to honey bees and the nectarcontent of individual flowers is fairly low. Avoiding plant stressand maintaining good plant nutrition is very important if oneexpects honeybees to actively work cranberry plants. Stressed vinesdo not produce normal amounts of nectar and honey bees canopt to search other flower sources if available. It is important toremember that cranberry is a perennial and that severe stresses inone year can have an effect during the following season. NewJersey had a very severe growing season during 1995; high heatand almost no rainfall. The following season, honey bee activityon cranberry beds was very low and we believe that reduced nec-
tar flow was the reason. Poor bee activity was at least part of theexplanation for the disappointing 1996 crop in New Jersey.
It is important to offer the caveat that almost all of our polli-
nation experience with cranberry has been in New Jersey. Thepredominant cranberry growing region in NJ is located in an areacalled the Pine Barrens, and it is a locale with a very limited plantarray. When NJ cranberry is in bloom there usually is not a lot ofwild competitive bloom. Additionally, honey bees prefer to fly atwarmer temperatures and the NJ bloom period is normally quitewarm. Weather conditions and prevalence of competitive flower-
ing plants may vary tremendously from region to region. It ispossible that conditions in other areas are such that honey beesare not well suited for cranberry pollination, but honey bees haveproven very adaptable and can adequately pollinate cranberry bedswithin a fairly small window of time given the high number offoragers/colony. fanaerrrFLOTATION CORRALANNOUNCING:
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2002 ResearchFeels the Economic Pinchby Matthew T. PittsManager, Research and Communication, Cranberry Institute'The North American cranberry industry has a long and dis-
tinguished history of supporting scientific research. Cranberrygrowers have, through their handlers, associations and councils,
contributed millions of dollars in support of studies focused oncrop production, environmental stewardship and, more recently,
health. Plunging grower returns, and slow market growth haveresulted in dollars that were historically dedicated to research beingredirected towards the industry's new generic promotion initia-
tive. While promotion and health benefits research are far frommutually exclusive, this new direction has forced funding agen-
cies to rigidly prioritize all the proposals received in an effort toprovide their respective supporters with the most value-added re-
search during this economic crisis. Additionally, most fundingagencies that are supported with grower dollars are operating withreduced budgets. These factors have resulted in a reduction ofthe number of projects supported in 2002.
The industry has again committed a significant portion ofthe available research funds to the discovery of the nutritionalbenefits derived from consuming cranberries and cranberry prod-
ucts. The Cranberry Institute and the Wisconsin Cranberry Boardhave dedicated a total of $128,645 towards cranberry health re-
search in 2002. These new studies, as well as existing health data,
are serving as the foundation for the industry's generic promo-
tion and marketing plan.
Crop production and environmental studies have always beenthe cornerstone of the industry's research initiatives. The imple-
mentation of the Food Quality Protection Act and the subse-
quent reevaluation of many currently registered pesticides by theEPA are driving research to evaluate and register new compoundsfor use on cranberry. It is important to note that these studies donot detract from the industry's strong commitment to the envi-
ronment: The majority of the new compounds under investiga-
tion have been classified as "reduced risk" or as "organophos-
phate alternatives" by the EPA. Grower organizations, the Cran-
berry Institute and Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.
CollaborationOutside Agricultural Grants Program contributed in excessof $200,000 in 2002 to research focused on topics ranging frompest control to pollination. Land grant universities, governmentagencies in both the U.S. and Canada, and private companiescontinue to generously support crop-based research. InterregionalProject #4 (IR-4), and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada con-
tinue to be invaluable in their support of new pesticide registra-
tion studies. Without this additional support, particularly dur-
ing this time of reduced budgets, funding for necessary projectswould be severely jeopardized.
In the following pages, Table 1 lists contributing organiza-
tions. Table 2 lists research projects arranged by general category.
ReferencesDonald C. Weber, 2001, 2001 Research Continues Health Bent, TapsOutside Sources for Agricultural Research, Cranberries, June 200165(5): 14-18.
Gary Deziel, 2000, 2000 Research Turns Toward Health, Cranber-
ries, June 2000 64(5):14-19.
Gary Deziel, 2000, CI and WCB Jointly Fund Health Research, Cran-
berries, May 2000 64(4):30.
Gary Deziel, 1999, 1999 Projects Address Immediate and Long-termNeeds, $1 Million in 1997, Cranberries, June 1999, 63(5): 14-21Donald C. Weber and Gary Deziel, 1998, 1998 Research Projects:
Varied and Innovative, Cranberries, June 1998,62 (5): 16-20.
Donald C. Weber, 1997, Funding for Cranberry Projects Surpasses$1 Million in 1997, Cranberries, June 1997, 61(5): 14-21.
S The Cranberry Institute is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1951 to further the success of U.S. and Canadian cranberry growersthrough health, agricultural and environmental stewardship research as well as cranberry promotion, and education. Supporting membersinclude: Atoka Cranberries, Inc., Clement Pappas Corp., Cliffstar Corp., Decas Cranberry Sales, Inc., Eagle River Cranberry Handlers, NorthlandCranberries, Inc., Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., and Oregon Cranberry Co. The Cranberry Institute's website is: www.cranberryinstitute.org.
Page 12 June 2002 CranberriesREEAC

Table I. Organizations funding cranberry research listed by abbreviation in the tables that follow.
BC Cranberry Growers' AssociationCape Cod Cranberry Growers' AssociationClub d'Encadrement Technique Atocas QuebecCranberry InstituteDow Agro ScienceMassachusetts Research FoundationMinistere de I'Environnement du QuebecNJ Blueberry Cranberry Research CouncilOcean Spray Cranberries, Inc.
Oregon Cranberry Growers' AssociationU.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Reserach ServiceU.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Reserach Education and Extension ServiceUniversity of Massachusetts -DartmouthWashington State Commission on Pesticide RegistrationWisconsin Cranberry BoardBCCGACCCGACETAQClDASMRFMEQNJBCRCOSCOCGAUSDA-ARSUSDA-CSREESUMDWSCPRWCBTable 2. Year 2001 Funded Research ProjectsCranberry Health BenefitsPrincipal PI Affiliation Project Title SponsoringInvestigator(s)(PI) organizations(s)
[alphabetical]
Crews, D., Harrison, D., Liberty University Efficacy of Cranberry Juice in a Sample of Cognitively Intact CI, WCB& Mix, J. USDA-Agricultural Older Adults: Neuropsychological FindingsResearch ServiceDuthie, G. Rowett Institute Salicylates in Cranberries: A Natural Aspirin? CI, WCBHai Lui, H. Cornell University Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Cranberries and ClCranberry ProductsPlhak, L., & Parkin, K. Univ. Wisconsin- Evaluation of Biologically Active Components in Cranberries WCBMadisonRichards, M. Univ. Wisconsin- Incorporating Cranberry Components into Foods to Decrease WCBMadison Quality DeteriorationCrop and EnvironmentalPrincipal PI Affiliation Project Title SponsoringInvestigator(s)(PI) organizations(s)
[alphabetical]
Averill, A. Univ. of Transition to Biointensive Management of Cranberry Fruitworm CI, DAS, OSC & WCBMassachusettsAverill, A. Univ. of Management of Resistant Cranberry Weevil CCCGA, MRFMassachusettsCranberry Weed, Insect and Disease Management forBristow, P. & Patten, K. Washington State Washington Using Low-risk Alternative Pesticides CI, WSCPRUniversity Antioxidant and anticancer activities of cranberryCaruso, F. Univ. of Determination of the Important Inoculum Sources of Key Fruit Cl & USDA-CSREESMassachusetts Rot FungiCranberries June 2002 Page 13

Crop and EnvironmentalPrincipal PI Affiliation Project Title SponsoringInvestigator(s)(PI) organizations(s)
[alphabetical]
DeMoranville, C. & Univ. of Massachu- Cranberry Phosphorous Budget CI, WCBRoper, T. setts & Univ. ofWisconsin-
MadisonDogterum, M. Bee-Diverse The Improvement of Cranberry Pollination in BC BCGA, OSCFrantz, W. Ocean Spray Understanding Environmental Fate and Distribution of Kerb CCCGA, ClCranberries, Inc.
Majek, B. Rutgers Weed Control in Cranberry Bogs CI, NJBCRC, OSC, &
WCBMarchand, S. Club Characterization of Water Quality from Cranberry Production in APCQ, CDAQ,
agroenvironnememtal Quebec CETAQ, Cl & MEQde Production decannebergesMcCown, B. & Univ. Wisconsin- Breeding Cranberry for High Yields and Ease -Of-Culture When OSC, WCBZelden, E. Madison Grown Under Wisconsin ConditionsMcManus, P. Univ. Wisconsin- Infection Biology of Key Cranberry Fruit Rot Pathogens WCBMadisonNasr, M. Rutgers Enhancement of Cranberry and Blueberry Pollination by Honey NJBCRCBeesOudemans, P. Rutgers Cranberry Disease Control and GIS Development NJBCRCPolavarapu, S. Rutgers Evaluation of New Insecticides for Efficacy Against Major CI, NJBCRC, OSC &
Cranberry Insect Pests WCBPolavarapu, S. Rutgers Cranberry Blossomworm Seasonal Life History, Pheromone NJBCRC, OSCIdentification and Development of Population Monitoring SystemSandier, H. Univ. of Comparison of Weed Management Techniques and Vine Planting OSCMassachusetts DensitiesSchiffhauer, D. Ocean Spray Use of Slow Release Fertilizers to Mitigate Biennial Bearing in NJBCRCCranberries, Inc. CranberryTshabalala, M. USDA Forest Use of Lignocellulosic Materials as Pesticide Residue and CI, UMD, WCBService Phosphate SorbentsWeber, D., & Zhang, A. USDA-Agricultural Discovery and Use of Plant and Insect Volatiles for Attraction and USDA-ARSResearch Service Management of Cranberry WeevilMiscellaneousPrincipal PI Affiliation Project Title SponsoringInvestigator(s)(PI) organizations(s)
[alphabetical]
Poole, A. Oregon State AgiMet Weather Station Operation and Maintenance OCGAUniversityRoper, T. Univ. Wisconsin- Wisconsin Cranberry Crop Management Newsletter WCBMadisonWI Cranberry WI Cranberry Cranberry Weather Forecasts WCBGrowers' Assoc. Growers' Assoc.
Page 14 June 2002 Cranberries

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People: A Company's MostValuable AssetA management philosophy built on trustenhances workplace performance.
Despite the tremendous advancements in technology overrecent decades, one constant still remains in business today: Acompany's most valuable asset is its people. Time and timeagain, surveys by agricultural consulting firms show that thenumber one management issue facing farm businesses is labor-attracting quality employees, motivating them, and retainingthem.
Unfortunately, many farm businesses have trouble attract-
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Still, there are ways a farmer can attract quality employees andbring out their best performance.
Here are a few tips:
Attracting and hiring quality employeesNetworking. To many, finding new employees meansadvertising in the papers. However, this method casts a widenet, causing the employer to have to sift through a large by-
catch before finding the qualified applicants.
Surveys have shown that some of the best employees arehired because of referrals, either from industry colleagues orexisting employees. Many employers find building relationshipswith others in their industry and business community is criticalto finding good help. In addition, there are ways existingemployees can be encouraged to recruit new help through theircontacts. Many businesses actually pay bonuses to employeesfor attracting new help.
Hiring. Traditionally, businesses make hiring decisionsbased on finding the right person for an existing job. Althoughthis seems like common sense, many human resource depart-
ments have changed their strategy 180 degrees. Rather thanhaving a rigidly structured position into which they try to fit aqualified and experienced employee, they first decide upon thegeneral traits they want in an employee, hire that person andbuild a position around his or her unique skills.
This thinking-out-of-the-box hiring method often producessurprisingly positive results for a couple of reasons: Qualitycandidates are not overlooked if their experience and back-
ground don't perfectly match the position's requirements; andemployees who play a part in building their jobs have thesatisfaction of knowing they are an integral part of the team.
As a result, this philosophy totally changes the traditionalfocus on researching, interviewing, and selecting an employee.
Consider implementing the following strategy in hiring: Lookfor intelligent, self-motivated people, with good problemsolving skills who are able to quickly learn new skills. Whenreading resumes of job candidates, focus on how they did theirwork rather than what they did.
When interviewing, zero in a potential employee's adapt-
ability, learning and problem solving abilities. For example, aska candidate to describe a unique solution she/he applied to awork place problem.
Retaining good employeesTurnover. A recent study showed that the cost of employeeturnover in the supermarket industry exceeded its aggregateprofits by more than 40%. In many professions, it can takeseveral years for an employee to reach her/his productivepotential, and begin to repay the business for its investment intraining. Cranberry growing is really no exception, consideringthat it takes years for a bog worker to learn the subtleties ofmanaging these finicky perennial plants.
How does a company retain good employees? The answerlies in exploring the employer/employee relationship from theemployee's perspective to detemine what motivates an em-
ployee, and what she/he expects to receive from the workingrelationship. Obviously people work to earn money, but it is amistake to assume that compensation is the only motivationalfactor. Countless employee surveys show that while compensa-
tion ranks high in employee priorities, it usually never ratesbetter than third place. With rare exceptions, employees rank asPage 16 June 2002 CranberriesFARM MANAGEMENT

top priority the belief that their contribution is uniquelyimportant to the success of the company.
Trust and responsibility. A management philosophy builton trust improves performance by giving employees the messagethat they are an important part of a team working toward acommon goal.
Responsibility is the key to making employees believe thattheir contribution is important. Employees with clearly definedgoals and expectations should be trusted with an area ofresponsibility for which they are held accountable for theresults.
Yes, this involves taking risks, but these risks often pay bigrewards in employee satisfaction. Employers should resist thetemptation to micro-manage, which not only wastes time, butgives the message that management thinks little of theemployee's abilities. Giving employees no real responsibility isthe surest way to foster poor performance, a poor attitude, andhigh rates of turnover.
Communication. Communication is crucial. Employersshould ensure that their employees understand how they fitinto the organization and why their job is important. Somecommunication tips for employers include:
* Make sure that employees understand the big picture.
Explain the strategic goals and how they fit into thetactical plan.
* Have detailed job descriptions with specificallydefined responsibilities, performance standards, andmetrics of performance measurement.
* Provide the employee with regular feedback and giveat least one annual written performance evaluation.
* Have regular team meetings.
* Solicit advice from employees, and involve them in allaspects of decision making for the business.
* Provide ongoing training and career development.
* Show employees their efforts are appreciated. Littlegestures, such as movie tickets, or a gift certificategoes a long way.
These common sense strategies will go a long way towardmaking employees think that they are making a valuablecontribution, and will increase their self-esteem and perfor-
mance.
Word spreads about employers who are able to retainquality employees, and enhances the employer's ability toattract new talent to the organization when there is a need.
Cranberries June 2002 Page 17

Northland ReportsSteady ProgressWisconsin Rapids, Wisc. -NorthlandCranberries Inc. is making progress sincerestructuring its finances in November2001, according to its fiscal 2002 second-
quarter financial report for the periodended Feb. 28.
The manufacturer of Northland-brand"100 percent juice" cranberry blends andSeneca-brand fruit juice products reportedreported net income for the quarter of$187,000, or zero cents per diluted share,
compared to a fiscal 2001 second-quarternet loss of $1.35 million, or 27 cents perdiluted share.
"We are making steady progress in re-
turning the company to profitability sinceour financial restructuring in November,
and this was the first complete quarter sincethe restructuring took effect," said JohnSwendrowski, Northland's chairman andchief executive officer in a press release.
Net revenue for the three-month periodwas $23.98 million, compared with $29.41million in the second quarter of fiscal 2001.
Net revenue for six months ending Feb. 28was $54.29 million, compared with $71.12million during the same period in fiscal2001.
The firm's press release noted that thedecreases in net sales were due to reducedsales of Northland and Seneca brandedproducts, as well as the 2001 sales of thecompany's cranberry sauce business andmanufacturing facility. These net revenuedeclines were offset by improved sales ofcranberry concentrate, reduced tradespending and consumer coupons.
For the first six months of fiscal 2002,
net income was $51.91 million, or 79 centsper diluted share, compared with a loss of$1.17 million, or 23 cents per diluted share,
Page 18 June 2002 Cranberriesin the first six months of fiscal 2001. Netincome in fiscal 2002 included a $50.5 mil-
lion extraordinary gain, net of incometaxes, or 77 cents per diluted share, on for-
giveness of indebtedness resulting from thefinancial restructuring that took place inNovember. the restructuring gave Sun Capi-
tal Partners, a Boca Raton, Fla.-based mer-
chant bank, a 77.5 percent share of thecompany.
"Our income from operations increasedfrom $691,000 in the second quarter offiscal 2001 to $748,000 in the second quar-
ter of fiscal 2002, reflecting our continu-
ing effort to reduce costs and gain efficien-
cies while maintaining a high standard ofquality in our products," Swendrowski said.
"Our bottom-line net income wentfrom a loss of $1.35 million in the secondquarter of 2001 to a profit of $187,000 inthe second quarter of fiscal 2002.
Results of Northland's restructuringand its national television advertising cam-
paign which began in November have beenencouraging, Swendrowski noted. "Our in-
terest expense dramatically decreased be-
cause of the restructuring, and we were ableto put that savings back into the businessto help rebuild our brands," he said.
All per-share information has been re-
stated to reflect the one-for-four reversestock split effective at the close of businesson Nov. 5, 2001.
Bottling plant to closeAfter failing to sell its Dundee, N.Y.
bottling plant, Northland has announcedit will be closing the facility at the end ofJune, 2002. The company plans to move a"significant amount" of the Dundee pro-
duction to its Jackson, Wisc. facility andutilize various co-packers for the balanceof the Dundee production, a press releasesaid.
Swendrowski said Northland was un-
successful in trying to sell the bottling plantbecause of "significant excess capacitywithin the industry". He said the closureis expected to "improve operating costs andfixed overhead."
The plant was purchased from Senecain 1999. a-
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PROHealth Snackswith a CrunchSanta Barbara, Calif. -A new healthy fruit and vegetablesnack food line by Blackbird Food Company offers a delicioustaste with a unique crunchy texture.
Blackbird Food Company's Crunchies are made through aunique freeze-drying process, in which individually frozen fruitsand vegetables are placed in a refrigerated vacuum chamberthat draws out moisture from the foods, removing up to 97%
of the moisture. This process gives them a crunchy texture andallows them to retain many of the nutritious enzymes that arelost through traditional heat drying. Crunchies can also bestored on shelves for up to nine months without the additionof preservatives.
They're being marketed as an all natural healthy treat that is"the perfect substitute for salty, processed popcorn, chips andcrackers." Blackbird Crunchies are being targeted for use inschool lunches, business travel, sports and as an addition tocereal, soups and salads. The virtually fat-free product is highin fiber, and is preservative and additive free.
From fire-roasted Veggies and unusual Fruit Mixes to anentire Organic Product Line, Blackbird creates new andinteresting products. The line has 12 varieties of BlackbirdFruit Crunchies, including cranberries, strawberries, GrannySmith apples and raspberries; eight Veggie Crunchies, includ-
ing corn, peas and spicy mixed veggies. Its organic line includesthree different Organic Fruit Crunchies and four flavors ofOrganic Veggie Crunchies, as well as sun dried organic mangoand pineapple and lightly salted roasted organic soynuts.
"All of us here have food backgrounds, from chefs tofarmers, so we all know what good food is and we like to keepthe selection interesting -not only for the consumer but forus," says Brien Seay, founder and president of Blackbird FoodCompany. "We all love inventing new and unusual dried foodcombinations. People want something new and inventive so wegive it to them."
Blackbird Crunchies are available for purchase online atwww.blackbirdfood.com at Whole Foods Markets, Wild Oats,
Raley's and other fine and speciality and natural food storesfrom coast to coast. Blackbird Food Company has beensupplying dried fruits and nuts since 1994. 0Blackbird Food Co.'s Crunchies can be purchased online atwww.blackbirdfood.com, at Whole Foods Markets, WildOats, Raley's and other fine and speciality and natural foodstores from coast to coast.
NEW SPRINKLER HEAD STRAINERS(prevents nozzle clogging)
RENTALS & SALESNew & Improved Darlington Dry HarvestersWater Harvesters (ride-on or walk-behind)
Kyle's Ditch Reels * Pruning MachineVine Setters * Weed Wipers & Weed CuttersMole Plow * Hand-held toolsIRRIGATION for Cranberry Bog and Lawn:
System Design * Complete line of suppliesMarlow & Gould pump units * Poly weldingLift pumps (Hayden) * Floating pumpsWELDING * FABRICATING * MACHINE WORKVISA & MASTERCARD acceptedRaymond St. Jacques, Sales; David St. Jacques, OfficePhone (508) 295-0497 * Toll free 1-(800)-294-0497Fax (508) 291-257750 Carver Road, West Wareham, MA 02576www.cranberryharvesting.comPage 20 June 2002 Cranberries_

New AgCommissionerSteps UpDouglas Gillespie, a fourth-generationfarmer and Farm Bureau's assistant execu-
tive director, knew he had to act fast. WhenJay Healy stepped down as Department ofFood and Agriculture (DFA) commissioner,
it left a void. "It was very dangerous. If welost momentum, we risked losing the de-
partment as a whole," Gillespie said.
Gillespie threw his hat into the ring,
and Acting Governor Jane Swift namedhim as new ag commissioner. Some toughchallenges he now faces include:
* State budget cuts.
* The loss of 15% of the staff to earlyretirement.
* Potential widespread drought andwater bans.
* A farmland protection plan goingthrough growing pains.
With help from farmers, Gillespie be-
lieves he can strengthen the state's ag in-
dustry. He wants to protect agriculturallands by buying development rights andAdvanced EngineRebuilding, Inc.
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References.
keeping the land in the hands of farmersby minimizing estate values.
"As long as farmers believe they'retreated fairly, have a market and can pro-.
duce a product without a lot of interfer-
ence, ag will stay in Massachusetts," he con-
cludes.
One reason that reportedly led toHealy's resignation was that he was unableto fill three of four dairy inspector posi-
tions vacated by early retirement.
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Cranberry Stationand Field Notesprepared by Deborah CannonMarch weather was fairly typical, but had above normal tem-
peratures, and below normal rainfall and sunshine. The monthalso had well below average snowfall (6.6 inches below average).
The temperatures averaged 39.9 degrees, 3.8 degree per day abovenormal. Maximum temperature was 63 degrees on the 9th and14th, a minimum temperature of 20 degrees was recorded on the1st and 20th .Daytime high temperatures averaged 48.8 degrees,
3.8 degrees above the norm. Evening temperatures averaged 31.0degrees, 3.8 degrees above the norm. The first two weeks of Marchwere warm with heavy fog. There was fog recorded on 17 daysthis month.
Precipitation totaled 4.64 inches. This is 0.16 inches belownormal. This is the eighth month in a row with below normalrainfall. We had measurable precipitation on 12 days, 3 morethen average. Rainfall was evenly spread over the month, about0.75 inches per week for the first two weeks and 1.25 and 1.75inches the last two weeks. The largest 24-hour rainfall was 1.73inches on the 26th into the 27th .There was only one day withsnowfall, which changed to sleet with very little accumulation(just under .25 inches). The snowfall for the season has totaled5.15 inches this is 21.85 inches below average. This only exacer-
bates the present drought situation. We are down 2.15 inches ofrain for the year-to-date and in the negative 9.38 inches over thepast eight months.
Sunshine totaled 46% of the possible sunshine hours, 2 pointsunder the norm. There were only nine days in March with 80%
or better sunshine.
April was warm and sunny with average rainfall. The tem-
peratures averaged 48.2 degrees, which is 2.5 degrees above nor-
mal. Maximum temperature was 88 degrees on the 17th and aminimum temperature of 26 degrees was recorded on the 7th .
Daytime high temperatures averaged 56.6 degrees, 1.5 degreesabove the norm. Evening temperatures averaged 39.9 degrees,
3.6 degrees above the norm.
Precipitation totaled 4.46 inches for the month of April. Thisis 0.18 inches above normal, and broke the run of eight monthswith below average rainfall. We had measurable precipitation on12 days. The largest 24-hour rainfall came on the 26th, at 1.40inches, to be followed on the 28th with an additional 0.69 inches.
We are 1.97 inches below the norm for the year-to-date rainfalland just over nine inches below average for the past nine months.
Page 22 June 2002 CranberriesPersonalHilary Sandier attended the International IPM Symposium.
This year's meeting was held in Toronto, Canada, March 24-26.
Dr. Frank Caruso and Hilary Sandier made presentation atthe Atlantic Cranberry Management Course held in Prince Ed-
ward Island, Canada, March 17-19.
Preliminary Keeping Quality Forecastprepared by Frank L. Caruso, Plant PathologyAs of April 1, there are zero out of a possible 10 points thatfavor keeping quality for the 2002 Massachusetts cranberry crop.
The preliminary forecast is for a VERY POOR keeping quality.
This is exactly where we were 12 months ago, and our third mis-
erable preliminary forecast in succession (as well as four out offive).
The rainfall in April will help the keeping quality by giving us1 point, but there will be no points for temperature. A cool, dryMay will help improve the keeping quality. The final keeping qual-
ity forecast will be issued June 1.
Based on this present forecast, normally this would have beena particularly good year to hold late water. However, research hasshown that this is not a good cultural practice to use after anespecially mild winter. Unless the forecast changes dramatically,
this would not be a good year to significantly reduce the numberof fungicide applications or the rates of fungicides. Those bedsthat have a history of high field rot and beds that had rot in 2001should be watched very closely. Don't shoot the messenger ... allI do is compile the weather parameters and compare them to thestandards in the formula: Nothing went in our favor this past year.
O-
Cranberries Subscription Order FormNameCompanyAddressCity_
State/ProvZip/Code -The National CranberryMagazine since 1936.
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