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FROM WASHINGTON MFDP TO ALL MFDP SUPPORT GROUPS 12/31/1964
To: All MFDP support groups
From: Washington MFDP December 31, 1964
At a meeting of the Council for United Civil Rights Leaders-
ship yesterday the members of the Council listed below resolved to
support the Ryan Fairness Resolution, the text of which is enclosed.
The debate in the meeting was long and, occasionally, acrimonious.
Guyot and Thelwell represented the MFDP.
The resolution which the Council approved is a new challenge. It refers the matter of the permanent seating of the Mlss-
Issippians to the Committee on House Administration. The final
clause of the resolution is designed to prevent pre-emption
of the MFDP statutory challenge by the Committee's action. The
resolution provides that the Mississippians' seats shall remain vacant until the challenge is finally settled.
As most of yau know, Congressman William Ryan plans to
object to the swearing-in of the Mississippiansi Then, after
the other members have been sworn in, Ryan intends to introduce
his resolution. According to the House parliamentarian, each
Member has an absolute privilege to object to the swearing-in
of any other member. This means that Ryan is assured of the opportunity to make the objection. But whether or not he is able
to introduce the resolution depends solely upon Speaker McCormack's
recognizing him for that purpose. Ryan has been in touch with
McCormack, but it remains uncertain Just what position McCormack
has taken about recognizing Ryan on Jan. 4 for introduction of
the resolution.
At a meeting with several of the Council people on Dec. 31,
McCormack informed them that he would recognize Carl Albert, House
Majority Leader, for the introduction of a motion to seat the
Mississippians. He said that the precedents were all in favor
of the priority of a motion to seat over a motion to unseat and
that he felt constrained to follow the precedents. If the House
Majority Leader introduces a motion to seat the Mississippians,
this puts the Johnson Administration squarely behind them, and
squarely opposed to every major civil rights organization In
other wOrdd it makes clear the fact that President J0hnson is
politically aligned with the Mississippi racists and against
the Negro people of Mississippi and, by inference, Negroes
everywhere.
MFDP's position is that all supporters should make every
effort to commit Congressmen to support of the Ryan resolution and
against any motion or resolution by anyone which would seat the
illegally-elected Mississippians.
It is equally important now that all MFDP support groups
begin recruiting lawyers to assist in the taking of depositions
during the 40 days following Jan. 4th, in Misssissippi. All
lawyers willing to go to Mississippi during1some or all of this
period should be told to get in touch with Morton Stavis, 744
Broad St., Newark, N.J. (phone: 201-622-3790)
COUNCIL MEMBERS SUPPORTING RYAN FAIRNESS RESOLUTION
American Jewish Congress National Student Association
American Veterans Committee Presbyterian Interracial Council
Americans for Democratic Action scLC
Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith SNCC
Catholic Interracial Council Urban League
Commission on Religion & Race, NCC
CORE
Council for Christian Social Action,
United Church of Christ
International Union of Elec. Wrks.
Jewish War Veterans of the U.S.
NAACP
Nat'l Catholic Conf. for Interracial Justice
National Council of Catholic Women
Object Description
| Title | MFDP--General papers, 1963-1965, part 2 (Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party records, 1962-1971; Historical Society Library Microforms Room, Micro 788, Reel 1, Segment 2, Part 2) |
| Author/Creator | Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party |
| Folder Description | More documents from the MDFP and SNCC concerning the congressional challenge. They usually provide a history of MFDP and of its challenges as well as lobbying and fundraising instructions, timetables and procedures. There's a transcribed COFO press conference in which lawyers representing Mississippi African Americans excluded from elections discuss their intention to document that fact through depositions in order to bolster the MFDP's congressional challenge. Fannie Lou Hamer's official legal challenge to Congressman Jamie L. Whitten. Form letters updating MFDP supporters about the progress of the challenge, including the Democratic Party of Mississippi's injunction against the MFDP to stop using the word "Democratic" in their name. A "Support the Challenge" flyer advertising "three ladies against the system--the three Freedom Congresswomen from Mississippi." Memos to MFDP members about transportation for a couple of Washington, D.C., lobbying efforts, including lobbying schedules, and about an upcoming state MFDP convention. Martin Luther King's statement supporting the congressional challenge on the day charges were dismissed against 19 men accused of murdering the three missing civil rights workers. Harvard legal scholar Mark DeWolf Howe's and others' statements on the legal validity of the congressional challenge. Memos on the history of contested elections in the House of Representatives, including one on the Roush-Chambers precedent. Draft of an MFDP platform for the 1963 Freedom Vote. There are biographical sketches of MFDP candidates Victoria Gray, Aaron Henry, Annie Devine, and Fannie Lou Hamer. A document on the strong patronage connections between the national Democratic Party and state parties, with speculation about how MFDP congressional representatives, once seated, would fit into them. A printed MFDP pamphlet on the congressional challenge. A document on the voting records of the Mississippi congressmen being challenged by the MFDP. A document called "The Right to Register Versus the Right to Vote." Text of the Fairness Resolution to be introduced in the House by William Fitts Ryan. A list of the congressmen who voted against the MFDP's congressional challenge. There's William Higgs's "Brief Memorandum on Federal Civil Rights Authority." A legal document associated with a civil suit brought by African American congressional candidates against Democratic Party of Mississippi officials, charging them with racial discrimination and conspiracy, and asking (among other things) that voter registration for blacks be the same as for whites in Mississippi. A description of the MFDP plan to collect depositions on the obstacles to and consequences of African Americans' attempts to register to vote. A "Come to Washington [in August 1964] to Support the Challenge" flyer. A memo calls for a similar Washington D.C. campaign to be held in early January 1965, and there's also a schedule of planned events for that visit. A list of congressmen needing "special attention" from MFDP lobbyists since they voted against the challenge but who have over 20% African American constituents. A 1965 speech by Lawrence Guyot on the future of the MFDP. There's a detailed report on MFDP-related events in the House on January 5, 1965, with a breakdown by religion, party affiliation, and percentage of black constituents for the congressmen who voted against the MFDP. This is followed by the same vote in the Congressional Record and includes James Roosevelt's speech, "They Cannot Win 'Elections' from a System Built on Murder." Steve Max's familiar document on the MFDP's history, its Freedom Votes, its challenge to the Democratic National Convention, its challenge to the seating of white Mississippi congressmen, and finally the congressional defeat. Newspaper clippings on the decision range from the Jackson, Mississippi, newspaper saying, "[Democratic Party of Mississippi] Delegation Joyful at House Decision" to Drew Pearson's "Liberals Force a Roll Call" and the MFDP's "The Challenge Is Only Beginning." A letter from Lawrence Guyot continues the positive outlook, as he looks toward the next step which will occur on January 17, 1965. The newsletter of the Coahoma County NAACP reports on the local people who have been invited to attend Lyndon Johnson's inaugural festivities. And there's a press release about a subpoena for Governor Paul Johnson, Attorney General Joe Patterson, and the heads of the Mississippi Highway Patrol and the State Sovereignty Commission for depositions to be held at an African American church in Jackson. Newspaper clippings suggesting that some congressmen are reconsidering their vote regarding the congressional challenge. An MFDP update on the deposition-collecting process. A memo to congressional representatives stating that recent depositions have revealed that segregationist White Citizens' Councils in Mississippi have been receiving state funds. A flyer advertising Joseph Rauh's ("America's greatest political attorney") visit and speech to the Coahoma County branch of the NAACP. Press release from the University of Illinois Young Democrats Club on Victoria Gray's speech about the MFDP's congressional challenge. A memo to "all participating groups in the American civil rights movement" concerning proposed voting rights legislation in the 89th Congress. Statements by Lawrence Guyot, James Farmer, Martin Luther King, and James Forman call for unity on voting rights legislation. A SNCC press release outlines its 1965 plans. Editorial clippings from liberal Christian newspapers and magazines supporting the congressional challenge. Plans for an April 1965 conference in Washington, D. C., to support the challenge. A March 19, 1965, article by Drew Pearson about the MFDP depositions being collected in Mississippi. A New York committee supporting the MFDP urges people to lobby their representatives and provides a list of representatives' congressional challenge voting records. Victoria Gray's testimony to the House Judiciary Committee on proposed voting rights legislation. Leroy Johnson, concerned that national voting rights legislative and civil rights activities in Alabama will divert attention away from the Mississippi congressional challenge, calls for a spring 1965 march in Jackson. An outline of the provisions of the injunction to Sunflower County, Mississippi, registrar Cecil Campbell, requiring him to treat black and white voter registrants the same for one year and laying out procedures to follow. Newspaper clippings on the use of federal registrars in certain Mississippi counties after passage of the Voting Rights Act, and on Senators Eastland and Stennis's power in the House and their opposition to War on Poverty programs. MFDP press releases on its Conference on Free Elections held in Washington, D. C., in April 1965; on the wave of African Americans registering to vote in Sunflower County after the registrar, Cecil Campbell, was enjoined to use the same voting requirements for blacks as for whites; on the scope and progress of deposition-collecting. A blank petition urging the unseating of the white Mississippi delegation. Lobbying instructions for the Conference on Free Elections. A pamphlet urging attendance at the Conference. Minutes from an MFDP 1st Congressional District workshop in Prairie, Mississippi, from April 24 and May 1, 1965. An article on the Young Democratic Clubs of Mississippi, a rival group to the MFDP. A large portion of Jack Minnis's spring 1965 article on the MFDP. An unattributed, undated "discussion draft" of a document called "The Movement vs. RFK" which suggests that RFK will become a presidential candidate and will try to break up the movement. An MFDP press release issued after a judge turned down Sunflower County's request for a delay in municipal elections in spring 1965. WATS line reports from October 1965. A flyer for a "Sing for Freedom" conference in May 1965 in Edwards, Mississippi. The folder concludes with an MFDP press release about the submission of the depositions to the House of Representatives. |
| State | Washington, D.C.; Mississippi; California; New Jersey; Illinois; Alabama; New York; North Carolina; Georgia; Tennessee; Louisiana; Arkansas; |
| Place | Canton; Madison County; Natchez; Adams County; Waveland; Maben; Meridian; Ruleville; Greenwood; Clarksdale; Holmes County; Winona; Tate County; Itta Bena; Batesville; Lexington; Greenville; Durant; Marks; Indianola; Glendora; Curtis; Tchula; Sunflower; Jackson; Vicksburg; McComb; Forrest County; Hattiesburg; Bolivar County; Humphreys County; Marshall County; Panola County; Coahoma County; Gulfport; Moss Point; Holly Springs; Laurel; Cleveland; Sunflower County; Prairie; West Point; Clay County; Sidon; Philadelphia; Victoria; Olive Branch; Carthage; Tribbett; Edwards; San Francisco; Atlantic City; Champaign; Selma; New York; Weldon; Newton; Somerville; Bogalusa; Forrest City; |
| Subject | Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (U.S.); volunteers; Freedom Vote; voter registration; United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation; arrest; murder; Democratic National Convention (1964 : Atlantic City, N.J.); threats; intimidation; assault and battery; jail experiences; teachers; unemployment; civil rights workers; eviction; Council of Federated Organizations (U.S.); United States. Department of Justice; United States. Department of Agriculture; agriculture; federal aid; sharecroppers; segregation; public welfare; lawyers; mass media; bombings; police brutality; cross burning; Democratic Party (Miss.); Ku Klux Klan; Congo; United States Commission on Civil Rights; Americans for Democratic Action; Congress of Racial Equality; Southern Christian Leadership Conference; National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America; American Civil Liberties Union; Vietnam War, 1961-1975; United Nations; China; Cuba; United States. Civil Rights Act of 1964; War on Poverty; education; medicine; White Citizens councils; Association for the Preservation of the White Race; Republican Party (U.S.); United States. Congress. House. Committee on Un-American Activities; labor unions; wages; libraries; housing; communism; nuclear weapons testing; food relief; Students for a Democratic Society (U.S.); poverty; United States. Voting Rights Act of 1965; jury; courts; church buildings; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; poll tax; Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission; Selma to Montgomery Rights March (1965 : Selma, Ala.); literacy tests (election law); courthouses; Head Start programs; Southern Conference Educational Fund; Young Democratic Clubs of Mississippi; Mississippi Freedom Labor Union; Mississippi State Penitentiary; boycotts; cooperative societies; music; Freedom Singers |
| Personal Name | Stender, Fay; Adams, Victoria Gray, 1926-2006; Colmer, William Meyers, 1890-1980; DeVine, Annie; Walker, Prentiss, 1917-1998; Hamer, Fannie Lou; Whitten, Jamie; Abernethy, Thomas Gerstle, 1903-1998; Williams, John Bell; Kunstler, William M. (William Moses), 1919-1995; Goodman, Andrew, 1943-1964; Chaney, James Earl, 1943-1964; Schwerner, Michael Henry, 1939-1964; Guyot, Lawrence, 1939-2012; Strickland, William, 1937-; Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973; Humphrey, Hubert H. (Hubert Horatio), 1911-1978; Lawrence, Tina; McKee, J. F.; Graham, Laura; Evans, Pearlie; Stavis, Morton; Stern, Edward; ; Greene, Alma; Henry, John; Carver, Ronald; Bridgeforth, Ron; Jones, James; Byrd, Frank; Coleman, J. P. (James Plemon), 1914-1991; Diggs, Charles C.; Henry, Aaron, 1922-1997; Turnbow, Hartman; Patterson, Joseph Turner; Robertson, Stokes V.; Johnson, Paul B., 1916-1985; Gartin, Carroll, 1913-1966; Ladner, Heber; Smith, Benjamin; Rosenthal, L. H.; Stone, I. F. (Isidor Feinstein), 1907-1989; Kunstler, William M. (William Moses), 1919-1995; Kinoy, Arthur; Del Pozzo, Theresa; King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968; Howe, Mark De Wolfe, 1906-1967; Higgs, William L.; Ryan, William F., 1922-1972; McCormack, John W., 1891-1980; Thelwell, Michael; Lusky, Louis; Farmer, James, 1920-1999; Carthen, Sallie Mae; Sickles, Carlton; Lynch, John R.; Chalmers, J. R.; Houston, James Monroe; Cameron, John, Rev.; Gray, Anthony; Stennis, John C. (John Cornelius), 1901-1995; Bilbo, Theodore Gilmore, 1877-1947; Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963; Rooney, John J.; Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945; Wilson, Woodrow, 1856-1924; Eastland, James Oliver, 1904-1986; Winstead, Arthur; Miller, Arthur H.; Hartman, Louis Earl; Rogoff, Carol; Leiken, Samuel; Garvy, Helen; Albert, Carl Bert, 1908-2000; Roosevelt, James, 1907-1991; King, Edwin H.; Wallace, Ceola; Lanier, Robert; Robinson, Marion; Stokes, Susan Elesta; Williams, May; Clark, Rosebud; Adam, Bidwell, 1894-; Lewis, Walter, Mrs.; Clayton, Otis N.; Hood, G. H.; Waltzer, Bruce C.; Wulf, Melvin L.; Galler, Roberta; Springer, William; Mitchell, Francis; Max, Steve; Sillers, Walter; Middleton, W. G.; Chambers, George O.; Roush, J. Edward; Green, Edith, 1910-1987; Dabbs, Wallace; Pearson, Drew, 1897-1969; Lynd, Theron C.; Rauh, Joseph L., 1911-; Henry, Noelle Michael; Pigee, Vera Mae; Evers, Charles, 1922-; Johnson, Idessa; Birdsong, T. B.; Johnston, Erle; Barnett, Ross R. (Ross Robert), 1898-1987; Manesk, Hugh; Morphew, Richard; Hopkins, Andrew; Campbell, Hayden; Jones, Hercules A.; Peart, William; Coppenbarger, Bill; Minor, W. F.; Richmond, Eddie; Atkins, Mary; Shelby, Ollie B.; Sanderford, D. O.; Dubinsky, Ed; Ruffin, Susie; Goodman, Janice; Quirk, John; Sozen, Joyce; Lindsay, John V. (John Vliet); Resnick, Joseph Y. (Joseph Yale), 1924-1969; Phillips, Rubel L.; Gray, Kenneth (Kenneth James), 1924-; Schneider, Cathy; Kennedy, Ron; Gusfield, Joseph; Davis, Saville; Roberts, Ralph R.; Griffin, Charles H.; Thompson, Allen C. (Allen Cavett), 1906-1980; Liuzzo, Viola, 1925-1965; Baker, Ella, 1903-1986; Powell, Adam Clayton, 1908-1972; Rainey, Lawrence A.; Price, Cecil; Clark, James G.; Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981; Johnson, Leroy; Campbell, Cecil; Lewis, John; Katzenbach, Nicholas deB. (Nicholas deBelleville), 1922-2012; Dodd, Thomas; Conyers, John, 1929-; Edwards, Don; Edwards, Len; Shriver, Sargent, 1915-2011; Johnson, Willie; Spike, Robert W. (Robert Warren); Fauntroy, Walter E.; Ahmond, Mathew; Thomas, Arthur; McNichols, Steve; O'Dwyer, Paul; Blackwell, Unita, 1933-; Lane, Mary; King, Annie Mae; Hirst, Edgar; Brown, Otis; Lamb, Martha Turner; Durrough, Charles M.; Graves, Charles; ; Adams, Dora; Whitley, Clifton R.; Buffington, John; Cook, L. C.; Smith, Cora; Oden, Sallie; Coleman, Ike; Bernard, Joel; White, Don; Weadon, Augusta; Ashby, Lena; Lenoir, James; Dixon, Willie B.; Braden, Carl; Braden, Anne; Maurer, Joe; Palmer, Hazel T.; McNairy, Willie; Evans, Rowland, 1921-2001; Novak, Robert D.; Stevens, Carolyn; Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris), 1909-1998; Frazier, John; Bailey, Shirley; Minnis, Jack; Silver, James W. (James Wesley), 1907-1988; Reuther, Walter, 1907-1970; Rustin, Bayard, 1912-1987; Morse, Wayne L. (Wayne Lyman), 1900-1974; Moses, Robert Parris; Cox, Archibald, 1912-2004; Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968; Newfield, Jack; Lowenstein, Allard K.; Schlesinger, Arthur M. (Arthur Meier), 1917-2007; Galbraith, John; McCarthy, Eugene; McCarthy, Joseph; Clayton, Claude F. (Claude Feemster), 1909-1969; Fusco, Liz; Watkins, Bert; Ware, Bill; Lunden, Mark; Sampson, Richard; Ladner, Dorie; Lumbard, Posey; Easton, Louis; Bridgewater, Clarence; Williams, Eddie; Gibson, James; Horowitz, Charlie; Lapsansky, Phillip; Doar, John, 1921-; Robinson, J. T.; Higson, Mike; Sellers, Nettie; Carr, Sam; Hayes, Ralthus; Johnson, Allen; Wiley, Clinton; Aronson, Henry; Fox, Larry; Teiger, Buddy; Teiger, Ginny; Russell, Henry; Tillman, Annie; Campbell, George T.; Garman, Betty; Parry, James; Wright, Harry; Miller, Gracie; Miller, Hosey; Johnson, L. Warren; Kunney, Tee; Dail, Ellie; Israel, Mark; Halpern, Marty; Sullivan, Jean; Prescott, Martha; Butler, Barbara; Levine, Anita; Grogan, Nan; Hackett, C. T.; Dupries, Harry; Allen, Eunice; Newell, Bob; Gilbert, Walter; Morse, Joseph; Crowell, Catherine; ; ; House, Sam; Williams, Zelma; Louis, Jack; Lomax, Alan; Carawan, Guy; McGhee, Willie; |
| Event Date | 1964-1965; |
| Year | 1964-1965; |
| Language | English |
| Source | Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party records, 1962-1971; Historical Society Library Microforms Room, Micro 788,Reel 1, Segment 2, Part 2; WIHV3937S-A |
| Format | memoranda; legal documents; correspondence; transcripts; flyers and handbills; press releases; clippings; reports and surveys; newsletters; forms; pamphlets; meeting minutes; |
| Publisher-Electronic | Wisconsin Historical Society |
| Publication Date-Electronic | 2013 |
| Rights | Copyright to these documents belongs to the individuals who created them or the organizations for which they worked. The principal organizations have been defunct for many years and copyright to their unpublished records is uncertain. We share them here strictly for non-profit educational purposes. We have attempted to contact individuals who created personal papers of significant length or importance. Nearly all have generously permitted us to include their work. If you believe that you possess copyright to material included here, please contact us at asklibrary@wisconsinhistory.org. Under the fair use provisions of the U.S. copyright law, teachers and students are free to reproduce any document for nonprofit classroom use. Commercial use of copyright-protected material is generally prohibited. |
| Digital Format | XML |
| Digital Identifier | fsMFDPr1s2b000 |
| Type | Text; Image |
Description
| Title | [p.1] |
| Page Text | FROM WASHINGTON MFDP TO ALL MFDP SUPPORT GROUPS 12/31/1964 To: All MFDP support groups From: Washington MFDP December 31, 1964 At a meeting of the Council for United Civil Rights Leaders- ship yesterday the members of the Council listed below resolved to support the Ryan Fairness Resolution, the text of which is enclosed. The debate in the meeting was long and, occasionally, acrimonious. Guyot and Thelwell represented the MFDP. The resolution which the Council approved is a new challenge. It refers the matter of the permanent seating of the Mlss- Issippians to the Committee on House Administration. The final clause of the resolution is designed to prevent pre-emption of the MFDP statutory challenge by the Committee's action. The resolution provides that the Mississippians' seats shall remain vacant until the challenge is finally settled. As most of yau know, Congressman William Ryan plans to object to the swearing-in of the Mississippiansi Then, after the other members have been sworn in, Ryan intends to introduce his resolution. According to the House parliamentarian, each Member has an absolute privilege to object to the swearing-in of any other member. This means that Ryan is assured of the opportunity to make the objection. But whether or not he is able to introduce the resolution depends solely upon Speaker McCormack's recognizing him for that purpose. Ryan has been in touch with McCormack, but it remains uncertain Just what position McCormack has taken about recognizing Ryan on Jan. 4 for introduction of the resolution. At a meeting with several of the Council people on Dec. 31, McCormack informed them that he would recognize Carl Albert, House Majority Leader, for the introduction of a motion to seat the Mississippians. He said that the precedents were all in favor of the priority of a motion to seat over a motion to unseat and that he felt constrained to follow the precedents. If the House Majority Leader introduces a motion to seat the Mississippians, this puts the Johnson Administration squarely behind them, and squarely opposed to every major civil rights organization In other wOrdd it makes clear the fact that President J0hnson is politically aligned with the Mississippi racists and against the Negro people of Mississippi and, by inference, Negroes everywhere. MFDP's position is that all supporters should make every effort to commit Congressmen to support of the Ryan resolution and against any motion or resolution by anyone which would seat the illegally-elected Mississippians. It is equally important now that all MFDP support groups begin recruiting lawyers to assist in the taking of depositions during the 40 days following Jan. 4th, in Misssissippi. All lawyers willing to go to Mississippi during1some or all of this period should be told to get in touch with Morton Stavis, 744 Broad St., Newark, N.J. (phone: 201-622-3790) COUNCIL MEMBERS SUPPORTING RYAN FAIRNESS RESOLUTION American Jewish Congress National Student Association American Veterans Committee Presbyterian Interracial Council Americans for Democratic Action scLC Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith SNCC Catholic Interracial Council Urban League Commission on Religion & Race, NCC CORE Council for Christian Social Action, United Church of Christ International Union of Elec. Wrks. Jewish War Veterans of the U.S. NAACP Nat'l Catholic Conf. for Interracial Justice National Council of Catholic Women |
| Language | English |
| Source | Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party records, 1962-1971; Historical Society Library Microforms Room, Micro 788,Reel 1, Segment 2, Part 2; |
| Publisher-Electronic | Wisconsin Historical Society |
| Publication Date-Electronic | 2013 |
| Rights | Copyright to these documents belongs to the individuals who created them or the organizations for which they worked. The principal organizations have been defunct for many years and copyright to their unpublished records is uncertain. We share them here strictly for non-profit educational purposes. We have attempted to contact individuals who created personal papers of significant length or importance. Nearly all have generously permitted us to include their work. If you believe that you possess copyright to material included here, please contact us at asklibrary@wisconsinhistory.org. Under the fair use provisions of the U.S. copyright law, teachers and students are free to reproduce any document for nonprofit classroom use. Commercial use of copyright-protected material is generally prohibited. |
| Digital Format | JPEG2000 |
| Digital Identifier | fsMFDPr1s2462 |